10. Which one of the following is     not     associated with the oxidation of substrates by the citric acid cycle?
(A) CO₂ production.
(B) Pyridine nucleotide oxidation.
(C) Flavin reduction.
(D) Lipoic acid present in some of the enzyme systems.
(E) All of the above are involved.

6. A monoclonal antibody differs from a polyclonal antibody in that monoclonal antibodies: (A) are labeled with chemicals that can be visualized. (B) are produced by cells from the same organism that produced the antigen. (C) are synthesized by a population of identical, or "cloned," cells. (D) are synthesized only in living organisms. (E) have only a single polypeptide chain that can recognize an antigen.

7. Which of the following statements of electron transport chain is     not true    ? (A) Complex I contains copper ions. (B) The final reduced species in the electron transport chain in mitochondria is H2O. (C) The P/O ratio refers to the number of moles of ATP produced for each mole of oxygen atoms consumed in electron transport. (D) Cytochrome c is a macromolecule which is loosely bound to the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (E) None of the above.

8. Iron deficiency in a cell can adversely affect electron transport at which of the following sites: (A) Cytochrome b and cytochrome c. (B) Coenzyme Q and FADH2. (C) NADH and FADH2. (D) Coenzyme Q and NADH. (E) All sites in electron transport are affected.

9. Which one of the following statements about glycolysis is     correct    : (A) Conversion of glucose to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is an exergonic reaction. (B) Conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is a cleavage reaction. (C) Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to give 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is a dehydration reaction. (D) Conversion of dihyroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is an isomerization reaction. (E) Conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to give phosphoenolpyruvate is an oxidation reaction.

11. Which one is     not     related with cardiovascular disease? (A) Cholesterol. (B) Caveolin. (C) Avastin. (D) HMG-CoA reductase. (E) Lovastatin.

12. Joseph intended to donate his blood after a meal, but was found with a milky blood. Which plasma lipoprotein might be responsible for this phenomenon? (A) Chylomicrons. (B) VLDL. (C) LDL. (D) HDL. (E) ACAT.

13. The compound that consists of deoxyribose linked by an N-glycosidic bond to N-1 of cytosine is: (A) a deoxyribonucleoside. (B) a purine nucleotide. (C) a pyrimidine nucleotide. (D) deoxycytidine monophosphate. (E) cytidine.

14. Deamination of the nucleotide base adenine yields nucleotide base: (A) xanthine. (B) inosine. (C) uracil. (D) hypoxanthine. (E) xanthylate.

15. The proportion of the human genome that is translated into protein is: (A) less than 0.5%. (B) roughly 1.5%. (C) roughly 10%. (D) roughly 15%. (E) roughly 25%.

16. The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GMP to GDP is: (A) nucleoside diphosphate kinase. (B) ribonucleotide reductase. (C) adenylate kinase. (D) guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. (E) nucleoside monophosphate kinase.