33. Which one of the following statements about gluconeogenesis is     not true    ?
(A) If the reactions of gluconeogenesis were simply the reactions of glycolysis in reverse, the process would be energetically unfeasible (highly endergonic).
(B) The conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpruvate in gluconeogenesis requires both pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.
(C) The first step in the synthesis of glucose from lactate in the liver is oxidation of the lactate to pyruvate.
(D) Ingesting sodium succinate cannot promote gluconeogenesis.
(E) None of the above.

29. Which of the following pairs of bonds within a peptide backbone show free rotation around both bonds? (A) Ca-C and N-Ca. (B) C=O and N—С. (C) C=O and N-Ca. (D) N-C and Ca-C. (E) N-Ca and N—C.

30. All of the following contribute to the large, negative, free-energy change upon hydrolysis of "high-energy" compounds     except    : (A) electrostatic repulsion in the reactant. (B) low activation energy of forward reaction. (C) stabilization of products by extra resonance forms. (D) stabilization of products by ionization. (E) stabilization of products by solvation.

31. In a plot of I/V against 1/[S] for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the presence of a competitive inhibitor will alter the: (A) curvature of the plot. (B) intercept on the 1/[S] axis. (C) intercept on the I/V axis. (D) pK of the plot. (E)

32. Which one of the following statements is     not true    : (A) The first step in glycogen breakdown does not require ATP. (B) ATP is an allosteric factor for controlling glycogen phosphorylase b. (C) Low blood glucose will promote dephosphorylation of pyruvate kinase. (D) Phosphorylated glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase can both be dephosphorylaed by the same phosphatase. (E) Complete breakdown of glycogen catalyzes by glycogen debranching enzyme.

34. Which one of the following statements statements about the citric acid cycle is     not true    : (A) Oxaloacetate is used as a substrate but is not consumed in the cycle. (B) In the presence of malonate, one would expect succinate to accumulate. (C) Succinate dehydrogenase channels electrons directly into the electron transfer chain. (D) The condensing enzyme is subject to allosteric regulation by ATP and NADH. (E) All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinat dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.

35. Which of the following statements is     true    : (1) In glyoxylate cycle, conversion of isocitrate to succinate replaces the two reductive reactions of the TCA cycle. (2) Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. (3) Glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA → Coenzyme A + malate catalyzed by malate synthase. (4) Glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA → Coenzyme A + malate occurs in mitochondria. (5) Using glyoxylate cycle, plants can use the acetyl-CoA produced in fatty acid metabolism to produce oxaloacetate and other intermediates for carbohydrate synthesis. (A) 3 and 5. (B) 1, 3, and 5. (C) 1, 2, 3, and 5. (D) 1, 3, 4, and 5. (E) All of the above.

36. Which one is     not correct    ? (A) Insulin mobilizes GLUT4 in muscle and adipose tissue. (B) Glucose is cotransported with across intestinal epithelial cells. (C) Glucose passes intestinal epithelial cells into the blood via GLUT2. (D) ATPase pump outward. (E) AQP-2 is regulated by vasopressin to allow glycrerol or urea to pass.

37. Free fatty acids in the liver have four possible fates. Which one is     not correct    ? They can be (A) metabolized by ẞ oxidation in mitochondria. (B) stored as triacylglyderol in lipid droplets. (C) used to form phosphotidylcholine. (D) packaged with apoB into VLDL. (E) turned into acetyl-CoA in the cytosol.

38. Assuming that you are attending a triathlon, which one will     not     occur? (A) Ketone bodies are accumulating in the brain. (B) Proton pump is increasing concentration in the stomach. (C) Bicarbonate is increasing in the blood. (D) Aquaporin is lowering its water reabsorption in the renal tubes. (E) Malonyl-CoA is inhibiting ẞ oxidation.

39. Which of the following statements is     false    ? (A) Animals can produce tyrosine directly from phenylalanine. (B) 1-Dopa is an intermediate in the conversion of tyrosine to epinephrine. (C) Bile pigments are formed in the degradation of heme. (D) Histidine undergoes amination to histamine. (E) Asparagine can be synthesized by amidation of aspartate, thus it is not an essential amino acid in human.