42. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT
(A) recruitment
(B) formal election process
(C) specific leadership training
(D) traditional cultural patterns

38.The term “vicious cycle” in lines 21-22 refers to the (A) movement pattern of surge glaciers (B) effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas (C) effect that repeated rising sea levels might have on glacial ice (D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Gulf of Alaska

39.The author provides a definition for which of the following terms? (A) Tributary (line 14) (B) Ice dam (line 15) (C) Albedo (line 22) (D) Interglacial (line 24)

40.Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? (A) The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented. (B) The next ice age could be caused by surge giaciers. (C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic ice shelves. (D) Normal glaciers have little effect on Earth’s climate.

41.What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The problems faced by leaders (B) How leadership differs in small and large groups (C) How social groups determine who will lead them (D) The role of leaders in social groups

43. In mentioning “natural leaders” in lines 8-9, the author is making the point that (A) few people qualify as “natural leaders” (B) there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist (C) “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the members of a social group (D) “natural leaders” share a similar set of characterisitics

44.Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2? (A) A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group. (B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person. (C) A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership. (D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.

45.The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on (A) ensuring harmonious relationships (B) sharing responsibility with group members (C) identifying new leaders (D) achieving a goal

46.The word “collective” in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular

47.The word “them” in line 19 refers to (A) expressive leaders (B) goals of the group (C) group members (D) tension and conflict

48. A “secondary relationship” mentioned in line 22 between a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as (A) distant (B) enthusiastic (C) unreliable (D) personal