45. The word "devised" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) tested
(B) understood
(C) popularized
(D) developed

41. According to the passage, what led to advances in the study of oceans? (A) An interest in conducting ocean research on a worldwide level (B) A disagreement between American and British (C) The development of new global weather patterns (D) The use of thermometers that could withstand deep ocean pressures

42. The word "accurate" in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) correct (B) published (C) detailed (D) accepted

43. According to the passage, Edward Forbes held which of the following opinions? (A) The Golf Stream did not extend below 300 fathoms. (B) Nothing lived in the ocean below 300 fathoms. (C) The discoveries of the HMS Challenger were false. (D) Manganese nodules were a potentially valuable source of minerals.

44. The word "expedition" in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) boat (B) evidence (C) voyage (D) route

46. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the discoveries of the HMS Challenger? (A) They Jed zoologists to argue that there were no 300 fathoms (B) They confirmed theories about (C) They provided no new information about the seabed (D) They revealed an important new mineral source 

47. The word "they" in line 22 refers to (A) routes (B) oceanographere (C) winds (D) currents

48. According to the passage, which of the following is true about Matthew F. Maury? (A) His ship traveled to the North Pole in 1893. (B) He believed winds to be the source of currents. (C) His studies or wind patterns enabled sailors to shorten their travel times. (D) He believed that currents flowed only from warmer regions to cooler ones.

49. The passage suggests which of the following about the visit of The Fram to the North Pole? (A) Matthew F. Maury was aboard The Fram when it traveled to the North Pole. (B) During The Pram's visit to the North Pole. Matthew F. Maury's belief about the North Pole's sea was tested. (C) The discoveries of The Pram were later refuted by Matthew F. Maury's discoveries. (D) The Pram found that the water surrounding the North Pole was ice free.

50. What did the voyages of HMS Challenger (line 13) and The Pram (line 26) have (A) Both provided new scientific data about the Gulf Stream. (B) Both disproved previously accepted scientific beliefs. (C) Both voyages took place at the same time. (D) Both voyages produced maps of the seabed.

1. The passage mainly discusses the (A) development of synthetic colors foe textiles during the nineteenth century (B) advantages of chemical dyes over dyes derived from plants and animals (C) differences between dyeing textiles and printing ihem (D) history of the use of natural and chemical dyes to color textiles