8. The word "constituent" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) component
(B) opposite
(C) principle
(D) temperature

4. The word "properties" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) interpretations (B) locations (C) characteristics (D) virtues

5. The phrase "ascribed to" in line 10 is closest in meaning to (A) analyzed and isolated in (B) returned to their original condition in (C) assumed to be true of (D) diagrammed with

6. The author mentions magnesium in line 14 as an example of a substance that (A) seemed to have phlogiston with a negative weight (B) leaves no residue after burning (C) was thought to be made of nearly pure phlogiston (D)was thought to contain no phlogiston

7.The "different materials" mentioned in line 17 were considered different because they (A) required more heat to burn than other substances did (B) burned without leaving much residue (C) were more mysterious than phlogiston (D) contained limited amounts of phlogiston

9. The word "Since" in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) later (B) because (C) during (D) although

10. Which of the following is true of both the phlogiston theory of burning and Lavoisier's theory of burning? (A) Both theories propose that total weight always increases during burning. (B) Both theories are considered to be reasonable and straightforward. (C) Both theories have difficulty explaining why residue remains after burning. (D)Both theories recognize that air is important to combustion.

11.What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (B) The effects of t he Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles (C) Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material (D) The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800's

12.The word "revolutionized" in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) quickly started (B) gradually opened (C) dramatically changed (D) carefully examined

13.According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because (A) all available iron was needed for other purposes (B) limited mining capability made iron too expensive (C) iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings (D) the use of charcoal for refining are produced poor quality iron

14. Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered (A) more beautiful (B) new and modern (C) much stronger (D) easier to transport