5.(20 分) Please explain the concepts of growth overfishing and recruitment overfishing.

1.(20分) The logistic population growth has been commonly used to describe the growth of a fish stock over time. Please explain what logistic population growth is and how it relates to the concept of Maximum Sustainable Yield.

2.(20 分 ) The Kobe plot describes statuses of four fish stocks. Please fill in the blank circles with the English letters of A-D. Among the four fish stocks, which one is in the rebuilding condition? Please cxplain why.

3.(20分)The figure below shows the recruitment and stock biomass data (black circles) of a fish stock and a Ricker stock-recruitment curve. Please explain the definitions of"stock biomass" and "recruitment". Why does the recruitment data vary so largely given a fixed stock size? Please explain the biological mechanisms of why the recruitment reaches a maximum before decreasing at higher levels of stock biomass in the Ricker stock-recruitment curve.  

4.(20分) Please explain the difference between nominal catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and standardized CPUE and how to conduct the CPUE standardization.

一、關於國會政黨體系的成因,學界提出許多解釋變數,包括:選舉制度(包括國會和總統選制)、社會 分歧、政府體制、總統權力、選舉時程、中央地方關係、政黨制度化程度以及新選民的加入,請從中挑選五個變數,並討論這些因素如何影響政黨體系(25%)。

二、在許多國家中,公投被視為是解決争議、達成共識的一種方法,請討論公投的優缺點(10%),並請 舉例說明公投對於各國的決策是否具有約束力(5%),最後,請討論當公投成為修憲的門檻時,它是保障多數或是保障少數(10%)?

三、威權政體的經濟表現和民主化之關聯,向來是比較政治學界争論的焦點。請分析東亞「發展型國家」 (developmental state)與南美洲「官僚威權主義」(bureaucratic authoritarianism)兩類型,說明(一) 這兩種政經體制各自有什麼特徵?而官僚在經濟發展過程中所扮演的角色有何不同?(二)這兩種政經體制對於民主化,具有正面推動或是負面抑制的作用?(25%)

四、當今西方民主理論研究者極為擔憂,民主家能否成功抵禦威權價值的衝擊,避免轉型成為非民主國家。請以民粹主義(populism)奥銳實力(sharppower為分析框架,並試舉任一當代民主國家為例,解釋可能造成民主崩潰的國內和國外因素,(25%)

一、社會工作的助人情境中,專業關係的建立是重要的。請說明在助人關係中社會工作者需要具備的價值與技巧。

二、團體工作中團體動力的有效運用,有助於工作者面對與協助團體個別成员及整個團體的行為。請說明團體動力包含的面向與其定義及實務運用重點 ㆍ