一、 The following excerpt is from "Stuart Hall and the Rise of Cultural Studies" by Hua Hsu for The New Yorker, July 17, 2017. Please translate it into Chinese and answers two questions at the end in Chinese.
Broadly speaking, cultural studies is not one arm of the humanities so much as an attempt to use all of those arms at once. It emerged in England, in the nineteen-fifties and sixties, when scholars from working-class backgrouds, sch as ichard Hoggart and Raymond Wiliams, began thinking about the distance between canonical cultural touchstones-the music or books that were supposed to teach you how to be civil and well-mannered--and their own upbringings. These scholars believed that the rise of mass communications and popular forms were permanently changing our relationship to power and authority, and to one another. There was no longer consensus. Hall was interested in the experience of being alive during such disruptive times. What is culture, he proposed, but an attempt to grasp at these changes, to wrap one's head around what is newly possible?
Hall retained faith that culture was a site of "negotiation," as he put it, a space of give and take where intended meanings could be short-circuited. "Popular culture is one of the sites where this struggle for and against a culture of the powerful is engaged: it is also the stake to be won or lost in that struggle," he argues. "It is the arena of consent and resistance." In a free society, culture does not answer to central, governmental dictates, but It nonetheless embodies an unconscious sense of the values we share, of what it means to be right or wrong. Over his career, Hall became fascinated with theories of "reception"- how we decode the different messages that culture is telling us, how culture helps us choose our own identities. He wasn't merely interested in interpreting new forms, such as film or television, using the tools that scholars had previously brought to bear on literature. He was interested in understanding the various political, economic, or social forces that converged in these media. It wasn't merely the content or the language of the nightly news, or middlebrow magazines, that toid us what to think； it was also how they were structured, packaged, and distributed.
阿摩線上測驗
登入