110年 - 110 國立清華大學碩士班考試入學試題_哲學研究所碩士班:英文#105641

科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)、學士後-英文 | 年份：110年 | 選擇題數：0 | 申論題數：2

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所屬科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)、學士後-英文

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1. Empiricists are in general rather suspicious with respect to any kind of abstract entities like properties, classes, relations, numbers, propositions, etc. They usually feel much more in sympathy with nominalists than with realists (in the medieval sense). As far as possible they try to avoid any reference to abstract entities and to restrict themselves to what is sometimes called a nominalistic language, i.e., one not containing such references. However, within certain scientific contexts it seems hardly possible to avoid them. In the case of mathematics, some empiricists try to find a way out by treating the whole of mathematics as a mere calculus, a formal system for which no interpretation is given or can be given. Accordingly, the mathematician is said to speak not about numbers, functions, and infinite classes, but merely about meaningless symbols and formulas manipulated according to given formal rules. ... Recently the problem of abstract entities bas arisen again in connection with semantics, the theory of meaning and truth. Some semanticists say that certain expressions designate certain entities, and among these designated entities they include not only concrete material things but also abstract entities, e.g. properties as designated by predicates and propositions as designated by sentences. Others object strongly to this procedure as violating the basic principles of empiricism and leading back to a metaphysical ontology of the Platonic kind. (Rudolf Carap, "Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology."") (哲學小辭典:empiricism經驗論；nominalism名相論；realism實在論；semantics 語意學.)(60%)

2. For someone investigating constitutions, that is, what cach is and what sort of thing it is, pretty much the first investigation concerns a city-state, to see what on carth the city-state is. For as things stand, there are disputes about this, some pcople say that it is the city-state that performed a certain action, whereas others say that it is not the city-state but rather the oligarchy or the tyrant. And we see that the entire business of the politician and the legislator concems city-states and that the constitution is itself a certain ordering of those who inhabit the city-state. But since the city-state belongs among composite things, and things that are wholes and composed of many parts, it is clear that the first thing that must be investigated is the citizen. For a city-state is a particular sort of multitude of citizens. So who should be called a citizen, and what the citizen is must be investigated. (Aristotle, Politics 3.1, translated by C.D.C. Reeve,2017(哲學小辭典:constitution政體；city-state城邦.) (40%)