112年 - 112 高雄醫學大學_學生轉系考試試題：普通生物學#116371

1. Variation in carbon chains is an important source of molecular complexity. How can carbon skeletons vary? (A)Carbon skeletons can vary in length and contain rings of carbon atoms (B)Carbon skeletons can vary in length, exhibit different branching structures, contain double bonds at different positions, and contain rings of carbon atoms (C)Carbon skeletons only vary in length (D)Carbon skeletons can vary in length and contain double bonds at different positions (E)Carbon skeletons can vary in length and exhibit different branching structures

2. A cell has formed a food vacuole as it ingested a food particle. Which of the following events is associated with the breakdown of that food particle? (A)enzymes for the breakdown of the food are delivered to the food vacuole from the cytosol (B)proteins for digestion of the food particle were initially processed in mitochondria (C)proteins for digestion of the food are made by ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus (D)the membrane of the food vacuole is derived from the cell wall (E)digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm

3. In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O₂? (A)to provide the driving force for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi (B)to oxidize NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle (C)to provide the driving force for the production of a proton gradient (D)to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (E)to provide electrons

4. Imagine protein X, destined to span the plasma membrane； assume the mRNA carrying the genetic message for protein X has been translated by ribosomes in a cell culture. If you fractionate the cells, in which fraction would you find protein X? (A)pellet rich in nuclei and cellular debris (B)pellet rich in "microsomes" (C)pellet rich in mitochondria (D)pellet rich in ribosomes (E)pellet rich in microtubules

5. Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? (A)bacterial cell (B)phagocytic white blood cell (C)muscle cell (D)nerve cell (E)fibroblast

6. Consider this pathway: epinephrine → G protein‐coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Identify the second messenger. (A)adenylyl cyclase (B)G protein (C)cAMP (D)GTP (E)dATP

7. Which of the following occurs during apoptosis? (A)release of proteases outside the cell (B)lysis of the cell (C)direct contact between signaling cells (D)fragmentation of the DNA (E)DNA replication

8. The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the (A)H+ concentration gradient across the membrane holding ATP synthase. (B)flow of electrons down the electron transport chain. (C)transfer of phosphate to ADP. (D)oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. (E)electron transmission of photosynthesis.

9. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? (A)NADPH→ O₂→ CO₂ (B)NADPH→ electron transport chain→ O₂ (C)H₂O→ NADPH→ Calvin cycle (D)H₂O→ photosystem I→ photosystem II (E)H₂O→ mitochondria→ NADPH

10. In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to _______ (A)carbon fixation. (B)oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. (C)substrate‐level phosphorylation in glycolysis. (D)reduction of NADP+. (E)protein synthesis and modification

11. Which of the following is a true statement? (A)Anabolic pathways build molecules, require energy, and are endergonic. (B)Catabolic pathways build molecules, release energy, and are exergonic. (C)Catabolic pathways break down molecules, require energy, and are exergonic. (D)Anabolic pathways break down molecules, require energy, and are endergonic. (E)The second and third answers are correct.

12. In the cell cycle, which of the following occurs during S phase? (A)separation of sister chromatids (B)replication of the DNA (C)spindle formation (D)condensation of the chromosomes (E)centrosomes synthesis

13. Cells will usually divide if they receive the proper signal at a checkpoint in which phase of the cell cycle? (A)M (B)G1 (C)G2 (D)S (E)cytokinesis

14. Asexual reproduction __________. (A)is limited to plants (B)requires both meiosis and mitosis (C)leads to a loss of genetic material (D)is limited to single‐cell organisms (E)produces offspring genetically identical to the parent

15. What number and types of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell? (A)21 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (B)22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome (C)45 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome (D)44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes (E)n chromosomes

16. For what purpose(s) might a karyotype be prepared? (A)for prenatal screening, to determine if a fetus has the correct number of chromosomes (B)to determine whether a fetus is male or female (C)to detect the possible presence of chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, inversions, or translocations (D)The first and second answers are correct. (E)The first three answers are correct.

17. In tigers, a recessive allele of a particular gene causes both an absence of fur pigmentation (a white tiger) and a cross‐eyed condition. If two phenotypically normal tigers that are heterozygous at this locus are mated, what percentage of their offspring will be cross‐eyed? (A)100% (B)10% (C)25% (D)50% (E)75%

18. Which of the following do you expect if an individual is heterozygous for the sickle‐cell trait? (A)they will not develop sickle‐cell disease (B)they will show some symptoms of the disease because the allele that causes sickle‐cell disease is not really recessive (C)they will be more apt to acquire a serious case of malaria (D)they will have full‐blown sickle‐cell disease because the allele is dominant (E)none of the listed choices are correct

19. Hemochromatosis is an inherited disease caused by a recessive allele. If a woman and her husband, who are both carriers, have three children, what is the probability of all three children have the disease? (A)3/4 (B)1/64 (C)37/64 (D)27/64 (E)7/64

20. In his work with pneumonia‐causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that ______(A)the protein coat from pathogenic cells was able to transform nonpathogenic cells. (B)some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic. (C)the polysaccharide coat of bacteria caused pneumonia. (D)heat‐killed pathogenic cells caused pneumonia. (E)the third and fourth answers are correct.

21. The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis (A)depends on the action of DNA polymerase. (B)occurs in the 3’→5’direction. (C)produces Okazaki fragments. (D)progresses away from the replication fork. (E)dependents on the activity of helicase

22. The spontaneous loss of amino groups from adenine in DNA results in hypoxanthine, an uncommon base, opposite thymine. What combination of proteins could repair such damage? (A)telomerase, primase, DNA polymerase (B)telomerase, helicase, single‐strand binding protein (C)nuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase (D)DNA ligase, replication fork proteins, adenylyl cyclase (E)helicase, RNA primer, Okazaki fragments

23. Which of the following is true of a codon? (A)It never codes for the same amino acid as another codon. (B)It can be either in DNA or in RNA. (C)It is the basic unit of protein structure. (D)It can code for more than one amino acid. (E)Multiple codons can form complexes

24. In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until _______(A)the DNA introns are removed from the template. (B)the two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promoter. (C)several transcription factors have bound to the promoter. (D)the 5’ caps are removed from the mRNA. (E)the mitosis of cell division

25. Which of the following tools of DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? (A)reverse transcriptase−producƟon of cDNA from mRNA (B)DNA ligase−cuƫng DNA, creaƟng sƟcky ends of restricƟon fragments (C)electrophoresis−separaƟon of DNA fragments (D)DNA polymerase−polymerase chain reacƟon to amplify secƟons of DNA (E)RestricƟon enzyme−digest DNA molecules with specific sequence features

26. Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________. (A)have increased genetic diversity (B)are not related (C)are headed for extinction (D)had similar mutations in the past by chance (E)evolved from the same ancestor

27. By definition, a clade is __________. (A)parsimonious (B)polyphyletic (C)monophyletic (D)paraphyletic (E)analogous

28. Which of the following is true of microevolution? (A)it is the kind of evolution that can change the relative abundance of a particular allele in a gene pool over the course of generations (B)it is evolution that influences only a small subset of the populations that comprise a species (C)it is evolution that is restricted to individual organisms (D)it is evolution that involves only tiny changes to DNA, such as point mutations, producing only small (if any) changes to phenotype (E)it is evolution that results in the origin of small numbers of new species

29. Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation? (A)snake in a temperate forest (B)desert bird (C)marine jelly (an invertebrate) (D)desert insect (E)pond turtle

30. Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? (A)wind blowing across the body surface (B)feathers or fur (C)countercurrent heat exchanger (D)vasoconstriction (E)ATP synthesis

31. An embryonic cell that is totipotent is one that can __________. (A)migrate into the center of the blastula during gastrulation (B)give rise to the entire embryo, by itself, as cleavage proceeds (C)organize the blastula (D)redistribute yolk from the vegetal to the animal pole of the frog embryo (E)move mesodermal cells in the blastocoel

32. When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes _______(A)in different depths in the ocean. (B)in biomes at different latitudes. (C)in an ecosystem as it evolves over time. (D)in a community through different seasons. (E)in a composition of different atmosphere.

33. What are the most abundant animals found in the pelagic zone? (A)echinoderms (B)cnidarians (C)zooplankton (D)dinoflagellates (E)marine mammals

34. The principle of competitive exclusion states that ________(A)competition between two species always causes extinction or emigration of one species. (B)two species cannot coexist in the same habitat. (C)two species will stop reproducing until one species leaves the habitat. (D)two species that have exactly the same niche cannot coexist in a community. (E)can create the new species.

35. Food chains tend to be short because ______ (A)most producers are inedible. (B)local extinction of a species causes extinction of the other species in its food chain. (C)most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as energy passes to the next higher level. (D)only a single species of herbivore feeds on each plant species. (E)most consumers are herbivore.

36. Which of the following could qualify as a top‐down control on a grassland community? (A)effect of grazing by bison on plant species diversity (B)influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers (C)influence of temperature on competition among plants (D)limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount (E)limitation of water supply during drought season

37. What happens first when a phage infects a bacterial cell and is going to enter a lysogenic cycle? (A)when the bacterial chromosome replicates, viral DNA is also replicated (B)linear DNA circularizes (C)viral DNA becomes inserted into the bacterial chromosome (D)all bacterial descendants will carry the viral genes (E)the host cell is lysed by the invasion

38. In adult humans, short‐term memory relies on connections in the __________, whereas long‐term memories appear to be based in the __________. (A)cerebellum, pons (B)pituitary gland, hypothalamus (C)thalamus, hypothalamus (D)hypothalamus, cerebellum (E)hippocampus, cerebral cortex

39. A strawberry plant mutant that fails to make stolons would suffer from _______(A)too little mineral absorption. (B)a tendency to topple over. (C)a reduction in asexual reproduction. (D)too little water absorption. (E)the disability of photosynthesis

40. Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt _______(A)regulation of body temperature. (B)sorting of sensory information. (C)short‐term memory. (D)executive functions, such as decision making. (E)photosensitive

41. In his breeding experiments, Mendel first crossed true‐breeding plants to produce a second generation, which were then allowed to self‐pollinate to generate the offspring. How do we name these three generations? (A)P1, P2, and F (B)P1, P2, and P3 (C)P, F1, and F2 (D)F1, F2, and F3 (E)F, P1, and P2

42. What is an allele? (A)the dominant form of a gene (B)the recessive form of a gene (C)a type of chromosome (D)a variety of pea plant used by Mendel (E)an alternative version of a gene

43. You cross a true‐breeding, red‐flowered snapdragon with a true‐breeding, white‐ flowered one. All of the F1 are pink. What does this say about the parental traits? (A)red and white are codominant (B)red shows incomplete dominance over white (C)pink is dominant, and red and white are recessive (D)red is completely dominant (E)both red and white are pleiotropic

44. In alternation of generations, what is the diploid stage of a plant that follows fertilization called? (A)chiasmata (B)sporophyte (C)karyotype (D)gametophyte (E)spore

45. Which of the following statements correctly describes how sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes differ from each other? (A)Homologous chromosomes are identical copies of each other. One sister chromatid comes from the father, and one comes from the mother. (B)They are not different.； homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are both identical copies of each other. (C)Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication. (D)Homologous chromosomes are closely associated with each other in both mitosis and meiosis. Sister chromatids are only associated with each other during mitosis. (E)Sister chromatids are only formed during mitosis. Homologous chromosomes are formed during meiosis.

112年 - 112 高雄醫學大學_學生轉系考試試題：普通生物學#116371

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