所屬科目：研究所、轉學考(插大)◆神經生物學
1. When looking through a microscope at the structure of the neuron. It notices a layer of molecules separating the neuron's intracellular space from the extracellular space. What is this part of the neuron known as? (A)Organelle (B) Soma (C)Neuronal membrane (D)Nuclear envelope
2. What is the function of a neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane? (A)Release synaptic vesicles (B) Detect neurotransmitters (C)Destroy extra neurotransmitter left in the synaptic cleft (D)Form gap junctions
3. Which of the following is the major charge carriers involved in the conduction of electricity in neurons? (A)Anions (B) Cations (C)Anions & Cations (D)Ionic bonds
4. How do the lipids of the neuronal membrane contribute to the neuronal membrane potential? (A)Encourages chemical interactions with water (B) Catalyzes chemical reactions (C)Integrates cytosol of neuron with extracellular fluid (D)Forms a barrier to water-soluble ions and water
5. How long does an action potential last from the beginning of the rising phase to the end of the falling phase? (A)2 nanoseconds (B) 2 milliseconds (C)2 seconds (D)2 microseconds
6. How does myelin help increase conduction velocity? (A)It provides electrical insulation. (B) It makes the membrane more excitable. (C)It contains voltage-gated sodium channels. (D)It increases axonal diameter.
7. Which of the following channels in the active zones of the synaptic terminal open when the membrane depolarizes and causes the release of synaptic vesicles? (A)Sodium channels (B) Potassium channels (C)Voltage-gated calcium channels (D)Voltage-gated sodium channels
8. How are released neurotransmitters cleared from the synaptic cleft? (A)Enzymatic destruction and diffusion (B) Exocytosis (C)Endocytosis (D)all above are correct
9. Which chemical structure unifies catecholaminergic neurons? (A)Adrenaline (B) Dopamine (C)Catechol (D)Norepinephrine
10. Which of the following is not an ionotropic glutamate receptor subtype? (A)NMDA receptor (B) AMPA receptor (C)Kainate receptor (D)mGlu receptor
11. Which membrane lies closest to the brain? (A)Meninges (B) Dura mater (C)Arachnoid (D)Pia mater
12. Where is CSF produced? (A)Choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles (B) Subarachnoid space (C)Diencephalon (D)Arachnoid villi
13. How does brain distinguish between alternative tastes? (A)Precisely labeled lines (B) Population coding (C)Frequency distribution (D)Roughly labeled lines and population coding
14. Which cells in the retina have axons that leave the retina? (A)Photoreceptors (B) Bipolar cells (C)Ganglion cells (D)Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells
15. Most of the eyes refractive power is accomplished by what structure? (A)Lens (B) Cornea (C)Aqueous humor (D)Vitreous humor
16. Which of the following is a region of sensory surface that, when stimulated, changes the membrane potential of a neuron? (A)Receptive field (B) Retinotopy (C)Retinal ganglion cells (D)LGN neurons
17. Which of the following is the major source of synaptic input to the LGN? (A)Striate cortex (B) Retinal ganglion cells axons (C)Extrastriate cortex (D)Neurons in the brain stem
18. Identify the disorder that causes inability to recognize common objects by feeling them even though they can be recognized by sight or sound. (A)Astereognosis (B) Agnosia (C)Analgesia (D)Anosmia
19. Primary sensory afferent axons have widely varying diameters and their size correlates with the type of receptor to which they are attached. Which of these axons are the smallest and the slowest? (A)Proprioceptors of the skeletal muscles (B) Mechanoreceptors of the skin (C)Pain and temperature (D)Temperature, pain, and itch
20. Which of the following is a flexor of the elbow joint? (A)Brachialis (B) Biceps brachii (C)Coracobrachialis (D)all above items
21. Which muscles are specialized for the movement of the trunk? (A)Distal muscles (B) Proximal muscles (C)Smooth muscles (D)Axial muscles
22. Which of the following is the function of tectospinal tract? (A)Liberates antigravity muscles (B) Maintains an upright posture (C)Enhances the antigravity reflexes (D)Orienting head and eyes toward new stimuli
23. Which of the following is the target of cortical inputs to the basal ganglia?? (A)Striatum (B) Substantia nigra (C)Subthalamic nucleus (D)Globus pallidus
24. Which of the following is a neurotransmitter used by postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?? (A)Norepinephrine (B) Acetylcholine (C)Glycine (D)GABA
25. Which main neurotransmitter is synthesized and released by the raphe nuclei? (A)Serotonin (B) Acetylcholine (C)Norepinephrine (D)Glutamate
26. Anorexia can result from damage to which of the following parts of the brain?? (A)Dorsal thalamus (B) Ventromedial hypothalamus (C)Vascular organ of lamina terminalis (D)Lateral hypothalamus
27. Which of the following is the process of breaking down complex macromolecules?? (A)Catabolism (B) Anabolism (C)Adiposity (D)Prandial state
28. Which of the following DNA manipulations has been used to change the gender of a mouse? (A)Incorporating an SRY gene (B) Incorporating an X chromosome (C)Incorporating X and Y chromosomes (D)Incorporating a Y chromosome
29. Which androgen leads to the development of the male reproductive system?? (A)Estradiol (B) Testosterone (C)Prostaglandins (D)Progesterone
30. 5-HT1B receptors are highly expressed in which of the following structures? (A)Raphe nuclei (B) Amygdala (C)Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) (D)all above structures
31. Which of the following examples correctly explains how benzodiazepines and barbiturates work to suppress seizures? (A)Block GABA receptors (B) Mimic the withdrawal of chronic depressant drugs such as alcohol. (C)Increase the tendency to fire high-frequency action potentials. (D)Prolong the inhibitory actions of GABA.
32. Which of the following the abnormalities in EEG voltage patterns is recorded synchronously across the entire brain during absence seizures? (A)Large (B) Regular (C)Rhythmic (D)all above items
33. What is the term for the inability to find words?? (A)agrammatism (B) anomia (C)paraphasic errors (D)aphasia
34. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland when what neurochemical is released by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus? (A)Serotonin (B) Norepinephrine (C)GABA (D)Corticotropin-releasing hormone
35. Anxiety disorders have been related to which of the following?? (A)Hyperactivity of the amygdala. (B) Diminished activity of the hippocampus. (C) Elevated activity of the prefrontal cortex. (D) All above choices are correct.
36. Which of the following processes help balance the number of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons? (A)Cell proliferation (B) Cell migration (C)Cell death (apoptosis) (D)Cell differentiation
37. Which of the following is central to the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis? (A)Chemoattractants and chemorepellants (B) Competition for trophic factors (C)Match between molecules on growing axons and those on their target cells (D)Accidental death resulting from injury to cells
38. Which type of memory can be accessed for conscious recollection? (A)Nondeclarative memory (B) Procedural memory (C)Declarative memory (D)Classical conditioning
39. Which of the following is a requirement for long-term memory? (A)Calcium influx (B) Autophosphorylation (C)Synthesis of new protein (D)Adenylyl cyclase
40. In a human brain, the number of glial cells is (A)about 1/10 the number of neurons (B) about the same as the number of neurons. (C)about 10 times the number of neurons (D)about 100-200 times the number of neurons.
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