115年 - [無官方正解]115 國立臺灣大學_ 碩士班招生考試試題：生態與演化生物學#137650

1. Which definition best captures the scope of ecology? (A) The study of organismal physiology and behavior (B) The study of genetic variation in populations (C) The study of species diversities and distributions across continents at different temporal and spatial scales (D) The study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

2. Which combination of climatic conditions most strongly determines terrestrial biome distribution? (A) Elevation and wind speed (B) Latitude and soil texture (C) Temperature and precipitation (D) Solar radiation alone

3. Which plant trait is most effective at reducing transpirational water loss in arid environments? (A) High stomatal density (B) Thick cuticle (C) Broad leaf surface area (D) Increased xylem conductivity

4. The biome characterized by permafrost, low primary productivity, and a short growing season is the (A) Boreal forest (B) Temperate grassland (C) Tundra (D) Cold desert

5. A population growing exponentially is best described as (A) Regulated by density-dependent feedbacks (B) Fluctuating randomly around carrying capacity (C) Experiencing constant per capita growth rates (D) Limited by environmental resistance

6. Which survivorship curve is typical of organisms that produce many offspring with little parental care? (A) Type I (B) Type II (C) Type IIШ (D) Type IV

7. Which factor is most clearly density-dependent? (A) Drought (B) Flooding (C) Intraspecific competition (D) Volcanic eruption

8. Species with K-selected life history strategies generally (A) Mature early and reproduce once (B) Produce many small offspring (C) Invest heavily in offspring survival (D) Experience highly variable population sizes

9. Character displacement is most likely when (A) Competing species coexist and use similar resources (B) Predators specialize on abundant prey (C) Populations are geographically isolated (D) Environmental conditions fluctuate strongly

10. A keystone species is one that (A) Has the highest biomass aor is most abundant numerically in the community (B) Has the largest influence in a community (C) Exerts a disproportionate influence on community structure (D) Occupies the top trophic level

11. Net primary productivity (NPP) represents (A) Total photosynthetic carbon fixation (B) Energy available to all trophic levels (C) Gross primary productivity minus autotrophic respiration (D) Total ecosystem respiration (E) Standing biomass at equilibrium

12. Despite low nutrient concentrations, open-ocean ecosystems persist because (A) Energy transfer efficiency is unusually high (B) Nutrients are rapidly recycled by consumers and microbes (C) Primary producers have low turnover rates (D) Top-down control eliminates nutrient limitation

13. A sharp reduction in decomposer abundance would most directly disrupt (A) Energy capture by producers (B) Trophic transfer efficiency (C) Nutrient availability for primary producers (D) Predator-prey dynamics (E) Solar energy input

14. Habitat fragmentation typically leads to which long-term ecological consequence? (A) Increased dispersal success (B) Reduced edge effects (C) Greater demographic stochasticity (D) Increased species richness 

15. An extinction vortex is best described as (A) Rapid extinction due to catastrophic disturbance (B) A positive feedback between small population size and declining fitness (C) Competitive exclusion by invasive species (D) Loss of habitat connectivity

16. Species with narrow thermal niches are especially vulnerable to climate change because (A) They lack dispersal ability (B) Small temperature shifts reduce physiological performance (C) Genetic drift dominates their populations (D) Predation pressure increases with warming

17. Which conservation strategy best preserves long-term adaptive potential? (A) Captive breeding of a few individuals (B) Protecting multiple small, isolated reserves (C) Maintaining large, genetically diverse populations (D) Removing natural predators

18. Which idea was central to Darwin's theory but not to earlier evolutionary thinkers? (A) Species change through time (B) Organisms show variation (C) Inheritance of acquired characteristics (D) Natural selection as a mechanism of adaptation

19. Heritable variation is essential for evolution by natural selection because (A) All traits must be genetically determined (B) Mutations are always beneficial (C) Only inherited differences can be passed to future generations (D) Environmental variation does not affect fitness

20. Which condition violates Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium? (A) Random mating (B) Large population size (C) Natural selection favoring one genotype (D) No migration

21. Which type of selection favors intermediate phenotypes and reduces variance? (A) Directional selection (B) Disruptive selection (C) Stabilizing selection (D) Balancing selection

22. Traits favored by sexual selection may reduce survival because (A) Natural selection is weak (B) Reproductive benefits outweigh survival costs (C) Females lack choice (D) Such traits are genetically dominant

23. Local adaptation is most likely when (A) Migration rates are high (B) Selection pressures are identical (C) Selection is strong and gene flow is limited (D) Genetic drift dominates

24. Reproductive isolation is defined as (A) Geographic separation of populations (B) Differences in allele frequencies (C) Barriers that prevent gene flow between populations (D) Hybrid inviability only

25. Allopatric speciation typically begins with (A) Polyploidy (B) Behavioral isolation (C) Geographic isolation (D) Reinforcement

26. A monophyletic group (clade) includes (A) A common ancestor and some descendants (B) Species with similar morphology (C) A common ancestor and all of its descendants (D) Species occupying similar ecological niches

27. Homologous traits are best distinguished from analogous traits because they (A) Serve similar functions (B) Evolve independently (C) Share a common evolutionary origin (D) Are adaptive

28. Which type of data is generally most reliable for reconstructing deep evolutionary relationships? (A) Behavioral traits (B) Morphological convergence (C) DNA or amino acid sequences (D) Ecological similarity

29. Punctuated equilibrium proposes that evolutionary change (A) Occurs gradually and continuously (B) Is driven primarily by genetic drift (C) Occurs rapidly during speciation events and slowly otherwise (D) Requires mass extinction

30. Adaptive radiation is most likely to occur when (A) Environments are stable (B) Gene flow is high (C) Ecological opportunity is abundant (D) Populations are small

31. Gene duplication is evolutionarily important because it (A) Reduces mutation rates (B) Eliminates genetic redundancy (C) Allows one gene copy to acquire new functions (D) Prevents natural selection

32. Coevolution occurs when (A) Two species evolve in isolation (B) Species evolve toward optimal fitness (C) Evolutionary change in one species drives change in another (D) Genetic drift dominates selection 

33. Island biogeography

34. Biological species concept

35. Niche

36. Natural selection