2 下列有關《海洋法公約》的敘述，何者正確？
(A)該公約已於 1982 年生效
(B)美國拒絕簽署該公約，因為該公約中將領海擴充至 12 浬寬
(C)《海洋法公約》全部條文均已成為習慣國際法
(D)並非所有國家均主張 12 浬寬領海

1 甲國 A 公司與乙國政府簽訂買賣契約，出售價值美金 500 萬元 的水泥，但水泥運到乙國後，乙國拒絕付款。 A 公司因此在甲 國提起訴訟控告乙國，乙國主張豁免甲國法院管轄，請依照 2004 年 12 月 2 日聯合國大會通過的「聯合國國家及其財產管轄豁免 公約」，說明乙國主張是否有理由？ (A)有理由，因為 A 為公司，公司如果控告外國國家會違反主權 平等之基本國際法原則 (B)有理由，因為依據「聯合國國家及其財產管轄豁免公約」，聯 合國國際法院對本案有專屬管轄權，甲國法院無管轄權 (C)無理由，因為「聯合國國家及其財產管轄豁免公約」規定，除 非甲國外交部建議豁免，否則乙國無法成功主張管轄豁免 (D)無理由，因為乙國如確認為從事商業行為則不得享有豁免權

3 甲的父母為 A 國人，A 國為採血統主義國家，因此，甲有 A 國 國籍，其長大後娶妻生子，全家定居於 B 國。甲在 C 國為 3 個 月的短期居住後，歸化為 C 國國民，於 C 國無財產。後來，B 國向 A 國宣戰，B 國於戰爭期間將甲監禁，並沒收甲於 B 國的 財產。戰後，甲向 C 國申請外交保護。C 國以 B 國非法逮捕、 監禁甲並沒收甲之財產為由，向國際法院（ICJ）提起訴訟。下 列敘述何者有誤？ (A) C 國提起訴訟的前提條件之一是甲必須在 B 國用盡當地救濟 程序，但仍被拒絕正義 (B)甲如果具有雙重國籍，在考慮外交保護權與國籍問題時，國際 法院會適用國籍的真實連繫原則（genuine link） (C)假設甲於 B 國向 A 國宣戰時，已經依 A 國法放棄 A 國國籍， A 國依然可就 B 國對甲監禁、沒收財產之事件向 B 國提出外交 保護 (D)甲是否具備 C 國國籍，在不違反國際法的條件下，應依 C 國 國內法決定

20 With regard to conventions and norms related to international environmental protection, which of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal completely prohibits transboundary movements of hazardous wastes. (B) The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil prevents the discharge of oil from ships into the sea. (C) According to the Convention on Biological Diversity, national governments have the authority to determine access to genetic resources. (D) The Paris Agreement adopts nationally determined contributions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

19 Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions ensures that all persons not or no longer participating in hostilities are treated humanely by both State and non-State Parties to non-international armed conflicts. Which of the followings is NOT specifically mentioned in Common Article 3? (A) Prohibition on taking hostages. (B) Prohibition on forced displacement. (C) Prohibition on passing sentences without a fair trial. (D) Services by an impartial humanitarian body to the Parties in the conflict.

18 Article 2 of the United Nations Charter provides for various principles. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered. (B) All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations. (C) When any member facing military attacks, General Assembly of the United Nations may take action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore peace and security of that state. (D) Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter, but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII.

17 Regarding the South China Sea disputes, to which of the following courts or tribunals did the Philippines resort in January, 2013? (A) Permanent Court of Arbitration. (B) International Court of Justice. (C) International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. (D) Arbitral Tribunal constituted under Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

16 Which of the following Agreements is NOT under the World Trade Organization trading system? (A) The Agreement on Trade-Related Currency Swap. (B) The General Agreement on Trade in Services. (C) The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. (D) The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

15 According to Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations, which of the followings is the correct procedure for applying to become a member of the United Nations? (A) By a majority of the General Assembly members present and voting. (B) By a two-thirds majority of the Security Council members present and voting. (C) By a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. (D) By a majority of the Security Council members present and voting.

14 According to Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, which of the following descriptions regarding the U.N. Security Council is NOT correct? (A) For the purpose of humanitarian intervention, the Secretary General of the United Nations may request member states take urgent military measures without the approval of the Security Council. (B) The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures to be taken to maintain or restore international peace and security. (C) The Security Council may take necessary action by air, sea, or land forces to maintain or restore international peace and security. (D) The Security Council may decide to take measures not involving the use of armed force in order to maintain international peace and security, and may call upon the members of the United Nations to apply such measures.

13 Which of the following statements regarding the legal principles of international environmental law is NOT correct? (A) The general obligation of States to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction and control respect the environment of other States was affirmed by the 1996 International Court of Justice in Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons advisory opinion. (B) The Polluter-Pays Principle has been confirmed as a general principle of law by the 1972 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. (C) The requirement to conduct environmental impact assessments was affirmed by the 2010 International Court of Justice Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay Judgment. (D) The concept of sustainable development has been applied in general economic and trade agreements.

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