複選題
2. Which functional groups of the common structure of amino acids are used to form peptide bonds?
(A) Amino group
(B) Side chain
(C) H atom
(D) Carboxyl group
(E) OH

38."Housekeeping genes" in bacteria are commonly expressed constitutively, but not all of these genes are expr (the same number of molecules per cell). The primary mechanism responsible for variations in the lev enzymes from different genes is that: (A) all constitutive enzymnes are synthesized at the same rate, but are not degraded equally. (B) their promoters have different affinities for RNA polymerase holoenzyme. (C) some constitutively expressed genes are more inducible than others. (D) some constitutively expressed genes are more repressible than others. (E) the same number of mRNA copies are made from each gene but are translated at different rates.

39.The tryptophan operon of E.coli is repressed by tryptophan added to the growth medium. The tryptophan repr (A) binds to RNA polymerase when tryptophan is present. (B) binds to the trp operator in the absence of tryptophan. (C) binds to the trp operator in the presence of tryptophan. (D) is a DNA sequence. (E) is an attenuator.

40. All are characteristics of transposons except: (A) segments of DNA moved non-enzymatically in the genome. (B) unstable location within genome. (C) range in size from hundreds of bps to 8 kbp. (D) the smallest transposons are called insertion sequences. (E) a major force in evolution.

複選題1.Development of mRNA vaccines helps against COVID-19. Dr. Kariko and Weissman won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Which discoveries described below are their main contribution? (A) DNA base modification. (B) RNA base modification. (C) Base modification leads to increased inflammatory response. (D) Base modification leads to reduced inflammatory response. (E) The mRNA vaccines with base modification increased protein production.

複選題3. Which descriptions of the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription are wrong? (A) Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus. (B) The 28S, 18S, 5.8S, and 5S rRNAs of eukaryotes are formed from one primary transcript. (C) There is no definite phase for prokaryotic transcription occurrence. (D) The eukaryotic transcriptional unit has one or more genes (polycistronic). (E) A single RNA polymerase of prokaryotes synthesizes all three types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA).

複選題4.How do eukaryotes generate various isoforms of RNA transcript from one gene? (A) Selective splicing (B) Alternative 5' donor site (C) Alternative 3' acceptor site (D) Alternative polyadenylation site (E) Different RNA polymerases

複選題5. Which descriptions of ribozyme are right? (A) Ribozyme is a protein. (B) Ribozyme is an RNA. (C) The substrate of ribozyme is proteins. (D) The substrate of ribozyme is DNA. (E) The substrate of ribozyme is RNA.

6. Glucose can form 16 isomers. Mannose and galactose are glucose's: (A) D and L isomers (B) Epimers (C) Alpha and beta anomers (D) Aldose-ketose isomers

7. Tautomers are isomers of organic compounds that readily interconvert by a chemical reaction called tautomerization. Which of the following tautomerisms does exhibit in the oxo group of purines and pyrimidines? (A) lactam-lactim (B) amide-imidic acid (C) amine-imine (D) keto-enol

8. Which of the below is NOT involved in intron removal and the processing of mRNA precursors into mRNA? (A) U2 snRNA (B) U3 snRNA (C) U4 SRNA (D) U6 snRNA