複選題

24. T cell activation is a tightly regulated process. Which of the following mechanisms contribute to the downregulation or suppression of T cell signaling? (Select all that apply)
(A) CTLA-4 binding to B7 molecules on antigen-presenting cells
(B) PD-1 binding to PD-L1 or PD-L2 on antigen-presenting
(C) Recruitment of the Cbl family of ubiquitin ligases
(D) Production of immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-B
(E) Increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules like CD28

8. Which of the following types of hypersensitivity reactions is IgE mediated? (A) Type I (B) Type V (C) Type IV (D) Type II (E) Type III

9. Failure of self-tolerance can result in pathological autoimmune states, there are several mechanisms to control self-tolerance, which of the following is "NOT" the type of tolerance? (A) Central tolerance (B) Clonal anergy (C) Antibody secretion (D) Antigen segregation (E) Clonal deletion

10. The immunological synapse is critical for T cell activation. Which of the following molecules is NOT typically found in this essential structure? (A) CD28 (B) LFA-1 (C) MHC (D) Toll-like receptor (E) T cell receptor

11. In terms of antibody structure, which statement is NOT CORRECT? (A) Antigen binding domain of an antibody is determined by CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of both heavy and light chain (B) After activation, B cells differentiate into plasma cells and then undergo class switching from IgM to either IgD, IgA, IgG, or IgE (C) The production of membrane-bound or secreted form of IgM in B cells is determined by RNA splicing (D) Heavy chains and light chains of an antibody are brought together by disulfide bonds

12. Regarding Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which statement is NOT CORRECT? (A) TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide or LPS of gram-negative bacterial cell wall (B) All the TLRs are expressed on the plasma membrane of innate cells, like macrophages (C) All TLRs signal through either MyD88 or TRIF adaptor molecule (D) TLRs belong to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns

13. Regarding cytokines and cytokine receptor-mediated signaling pathways, which statement is NOT CORRECT? (A) Cytokine receptors signal through the JAK-STAT pathway, in which both JAK and STATs are tyrosine kinases (B) Cytokines can regulate the synthesis and action of other cytokines (C) The actions of cytokines can be either local or systemic (D) Chemokines belong to part of cytokines

14. B cell receptors (BCRs) are antigen receptors of B cells. Which statement regarding BCRs is NOT CORRECT? (A) BCRs are surface immunoglobulin composed of 2 heavy and 2 light chains (B) BCR gene segments are rearranged beginning from the light chain gene during B cell development (C) Each B cells express BCRs of different specificity (D) The Fab structure of BCRs is able to bind antigens

15. Macrophages and neutrophils are phagocytes and a front-line defense system in the body. Which statement regarding macrophages and neutrophils is NOT CORRECT? (A) The phagocytic mechanisms of macrophages and neutrophils are similar (B) After phagocytosis, the phagosomes inside the cells will increase pH to digest bacteria (C) Both macrophages and neutrophils produce antimicrobial peptides to facilitate the killing of pathogens (D) Neutrophils, but not macrophages, can undergo a special way of apoptosis, called NETosis, to trap and kill bacteria

16. Which statement concerning complement activation is NOT CORRECT? (A) Only antigen-bound antibodies and not free circulating antibodies can initiate the classical pathway (B) IgG has better complement fixation ability than IgM (C) Patients with deficiencies in C3 are more severe than those with deficiencies in membrane attack complex (D) C6-C9 are structurally related proteins without enzymatic activity

17. Regarding ITAM and ITIM, which statement is NOT CORRECT? (A) NK cells express different NK receptors that either contain ITAM or ITIM (B) Tyrosine residue(s) in ITAM or ITIM are phosphorylated in response to stimulation (C) ITAMS are found in the intracellular domain of BCR, i.e. surface immunoglobulin (D) Once activated, ITIM recruits protein phosphatases to negatively regulate downstream signal pathways

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