1. The reference compound for naming D and L isomers of sugars is:
(A) fructose.
(B) glucose.
(C) sucrose.
(D) ribose.
(E) glyceraldehyde.

2. B-form DNA in vivo is a ________-handed helix, _____ Å in diameter, with a rise of ____ Å per base pair. (A) left; 20; 3.9 (B) right; 18; 3.4 (C) right; 18; 3.6 (D) right; 20; 3.4 (E) right; 20; 3.6

3. The oxidation of 3 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of: (A) 2 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 8 mol of CO2. (B) 3 mol of pentose, 4 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (C) 3 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (D) 4 mol of pentose, 3 mol of NADPH, and 3 mol of CO2. (E) 4 mol of pentose, 6 mol of NADPH, and 6 mol of CO2.

4. The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to: (A) give the cell an alternative pathway should glycolysis fail. (B) provide a mechanism for the utilization of the carbon skeletons of excess amino acids. (C) supply energy. (D) supply NADH. (E) supply pentoses and NADPH.

5. Of the 20 standard amino acids, only __________ is not optically active. The reason is that its side chain __________. (A) alanine; is a simple methyl group (B) glycine; is a hydrogen atom (C) glycine; is unbranched (D) lysine; contains only nitrogen (E) proline; forms a covalent bond with the amino group

6. All of the following are considered "weak" interactions in proteins, except: (A) hydrogen bonds. (B) hydrophobic interactions. (C) ionic bonds. (D) peptide bonds. (E) van der Waals forces.

7. The formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids is an example of a(n) ______________ reaction. (A) cleavage (B) condensation (C) group transfer (D) isomerization (E) oxidation reduction

8. An α helix would be destabilized most by: (A) an electric dipole spanning several peptide bonds throughout the α helix. (B) interactions between neighboring Asp and Arg residues. (C) interactions between two adjacent hydrophobic Val residues. (D) the presence of an Arg residue near the carboxyl terminus of the α helix. (E) the presence of two Lys residues near the amino terminus of the α helix.

9. A sequence of amino acids in a certain protein is found to be -Ser-Gly-Pro-Gly-. The sequence is most probably part of a(n): (A) antiparallel β sheet. (B) parallel β sheet. (C) α helix. (D) α sheet. (E) β turn.

10. In hemoglobin, the transition from T state to R state (low to high affinity) is triggered by: (A) Fe2+ binding. (B) heme binding. (C) oxygen binding. (D) subunit association. (E) subunit dissociation.

11. Which one of the following statements is true of enzyme catalysts? (A) Their catalytic activity is independent of pH. (B) They are generally equally active on D and L isomers of a given substrate. (C) They can increase the equilibrium constant for a given reaction by a thousand fold or more. (D) They can increase the reaction rate for a given reaction by a thousand fold or more. (E) To be effective, they must be present at the same concentration as their substrate.

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