11. About the failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), which one of the following procedure may be the last to be considered due to possible poor response?
(A) caudal steroids injection
(B) epidural adhesive lysis
(C) spinal cord stimulation
(D) radiofrequency denervation
(E) lumbar sympathetic block

7. For substrates of spinal cord nociceptive processing, which one of the following statement is wrong? (A) The dorsal root ganglion and brainstem nuclei are home to second-order neurons, the first step of central nervous system (CNS) processing. (B) Although it seems like a simple statement that pain-related second-order neurons are the neurons which receive primary afferent input related to tissue damage (i.e., from nociceptors), it must be accepted that this statement may or may not be wholly true because in certain pathologic states, pain can be evoked by non–tissue-damaging stimuli (allodynia). (C) A proto-oncogene, c-fos, is activated after potentially tissue-damaging stimuli are applied to most tissues. (D) A systematic comparison study of Fos and pERK as markers of spinal nociceptive activation revealed greater specificity for activity in nociceptive pathways (vs. nonnociceptive activation) using pERK. (E) Analgesic pharmacologic manipulations such as systemic morphine reduce both the total number of labeled neurons and the total Fos or pERK content of the spinal cord following a noxious stimulus.

8. Which of following description about "antidepressant analgesic" is "Correct"? (A) In terms of treatment efficacy (smaller number needed to treat NNT), pregabalin is much better than tricyclic antidepressant and listed as first line therapy for neuropathic pain (B) In terms of treatment efficacy (smaller number needed to treat NNT), SSRI is better than SNRI for common neuropathic pain such as postherpetic neuralgia or painful diabetic polyneuropathy (C) Venlafaxine is effective for treatment of neuropathic pain associated with breast cancer. (D) For painful diabetic neuropathy, comparison of amitriptyline and pregabalin showed no difference in pain relief but fewer adverse effects with pregabalin. (E) All of above

9. About diagnostic nerve blocks, which one of following statements is wrong? (A) May help in locating the origin of pain. (B) Pain originating from malfunctioning CNS pain modulation may also be relieved by a peripheral nerve block. (C) Repeated diagnostic blocks are mandatory before any attempted chemical or physical denervation. (D) Are reliable as prognostic aids for neurolytic procedures. (E) Pain relief from a saline block does not indicate a psychogenic pain or malingered pain.

10. For substrates of spinal cord nociceptive processing, which one of the following statement is wrong? (A) The spinal cord is segregated into areas that, on gross examination, appear as white and grey matter and consist of predominantly myelinated nerve fiber tracts and cell bodies, respectively. (B) The morphology of neurons in the grey matter of the spinal cord differs depending on location. (C) Using Rexed’s cytoarchitecture-based classification system, there are at least 10 different layers or laminae of neurons—of which the first six (I to VI) are termed the ventral horn of the spinal cord (D) Lamina II is called the substantia gelatinosa due to its gross jellylike appearance in fresh cut tissue. (E) For Lamina X, neurons are arranged around the central canal of the spinal cord. P40-41, C

12.關於複雜性疼痛症候群(Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, CRPS)之診斷下列敘述何者不恰當？ (A)使用 1994 IASP criteria 敏感性很低常會造成 false negative (B) thermography 或 bone scan 等檢查可提供客觀的臨床證據，但並非診斷的必要條件 (C)診斷 CRPS 主要依靠臨床診斷 (D)目前主流診斷依據為 Budapest Criteria (E) Budapest Criteria 以感覺、血管收縮、催汗與水腫、運動與營養等四項分為徵候與症狀做為臨床診斷表準

13. Which of the following is not true about chronic pelvic pain without pathology (CPP)? (A) CPP is defined as non-menstrual pelvic pain of 6 or more months’ duration that is severe enough to cause functional disability or to require medical or surgical treatment. (B) CPP is common and estimated to account for 40% of all gynecologic diagnostic laparoscopies. (C) A history of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse has been correlated with the development of CPP. (D) The best evidence-based management of patients with CPP is multidisciplinary care.. (E) All of the answers above are correct.

14.對於幻肢痛的預防與治療下列何者為正確？ (A)周術期使用硬膜外注射、周邊神經導管止痛等等方式可完全避免幻肢痛 (B)若發生僅需選擇一種病患認為最有效的治療即可，無須使用多模式治療 (C)抗憂鬱藥、抗癲癇藥、opioid 與 ketamine 都是藥物治療的選項 (D)脊隨神經刺激器(SCS)，用於幻肢痛完全沒效果

15. Which of the following painful disorder is more common in male patients than in female patients? (A) migraine (B) rheumatoid arthritis (C) irritable bowel syndrome (D) coronary artery disease (older than 60 years old)

16.關於複雜性局部疼痛之藥物治療考量下列何者錯誤？ (A) significant osteopenia, trophic change 可使用 calcitonin 或 bisphosphonates (B)發炎與水腫可長期慢性使用 corticosteroids (C)嚴重輕觸痛(allodynia)或痛覺敏感(hyperalgesia)可使用 Gabapentin (D) profound vasomotor disturbance 可考慮使用鈣離子阻斷劑治療 (E)憂鬱焦慮與失眠可使用鎮定劑治療

17. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)藥物之作用過程當中，產生下列何者具有 vasodilatation、抑制胃酸分泌的作用？ (A) PGI2 (B) PGD2 (C) PGE2 (D) TXA2 (thromboxane A2) (E) NO