11. Compounds that generate nitrous acid (such as nitrites, nitrates, and nitrosamines) change DNA molecules by:
(A) breakage of phosphodiester bonds.
(B) deamination of bases.
(C) depurination.
(D) formation of thymine dimers.
(E) transformation of A→T.

1. What type of glycosidic linkage does a sucrose molecule (as shown below) have? (A) β-1,3 (B) β-1,2 (C) α-1,3 (D) α-1,2 (E) α-1,4

2. Which of the following method can be used to determine protein concentration without a protein reference? (A) BCA (B) Beer-Lambert law (C) SDS-PAGE (D) Bradford assay (E) Western blotting

3. An enzyme's specificity can be due to: (A) the ratio of catalyzed rate to the uncatalyzed rate of reaction. (B) metabolic modulators. (C) molecular recognition based on structural complemnentarity. (D) amount of substrate available. (E) amount of enzyme produced by the cell.

4. The dehydrogenase enzymes facilitate the direct transfer of hydride anion. Which of the following coenzymes is required for this transfer? (A) biotin (B) folic acid (C) lipoic acid (D) TPP (E) NAD+

5. Which statement below about contrasting Hb and Mb is false? (A) Hb shows sigmoidal, whereas Mb shows hyperbolic oxygen saturation curves. (B) Hb shows cooperativity, whereas Mb does not. (C) Mb binds O2 more tightly than Hb. (D) Oxygen binds to a ferrous ion in both proteins. (E) Mb-oxygen binding is dependent on physiological changes in pH, whereas Hb-oxygen binding is not.

6. In the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, how many of the actual steps involve electron transfer? (A) I (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) None

7. Which of the following statements regarding citric acid cycle is false? (A) The immediate electron acceptor for the majority of the oxidative reactions of the citric acid cycle is coenzyme A. (B) Isocitrate dehydrogenase and the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyze oxidative decarboxylation reactions in the citric acid cycle. (C) Pantothenic acid is used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as a cofactor during oxidative decarboxylation. (D) Succinate dehydrogenase is the only membrane-bound enzynne in the citric acid cycle. (E) None is false.

8. Which of the following statements about glycogen metabolism is correct? 1. Glycogen is mainly found in liver and muscle. 2. The average chain length of the branches in glycogen is 25 glucose residues. 3. Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves the a(1→6) bonds in glycogen.  4. Glycogen phosphorylase responds differently to allosteric effectors in its phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms. (A) 1, 2 and 3 are correct. (B) 1, 3 and 4 are correct. (C) 2 and 3 are correct. (D) 1 and 4 are correct. (E) All are correct.

9. In the citric acid cycle there are eight reactions steps. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the release of carbon dioxide? (A) Malate dehydrogenase (B) Citrate synthase (C) Aconitase (D) Isocitrate dehydrogenase (E) Succinyl-CoA synthetase

10. Cofactors usually play an important role in enzyme catalysis. Which enzyme requires lipoic acid as a coenzyme? (A) Isocitrate dehydrogenase (B) Malate dehydrogenase (C) Succinyl-CoA synthetase (D) Succinate dehydrogenase (E) Aconitase

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