13. Adaptive radiation is best described as the?
(A) existence of groups of closely related species recently evolved from different ancestors through hybridization
(B) existence of individuals of closely related species that originated in different areas within diverse habitats, but that have rejoined as a single species
(C) existence of groups of closely related species recently evolved from a common ancestor
(D) existence of groups of distantly related species recently evolved from a common ancestor 4

9. 小連以丙酮萃取菠菜光合色素，點在長條濾紙上共8次，每次點色素液後都 以吹風機吹乾。接著將長條濾紙放入裝有現場配製展開液（石油醚：丙酮 ＝9：1）的量筒中，並以鋁箔密封量筒口。右圖是他最後所得的濾紙色層 分析結果，色素a、b、c、d的顏色依序是亮黃色、黃褐色、藍綠色、草綠 色。下列相關敘述，何者錯誤？ (A) 若將展開液改為酒精，則色素d的位置將會最高 (B) 量筒以鋁箔封口的目的是避免展開液揮發殆盡 (C) 若改用電泳分離光合色素，也會得到類似右圖的結果 (D) 色素a主要位於光系統I。

10. 右圖是皮膚組織切片的顯微照片（左小 圖是細胞的特寫照片），下列關於箭號 所指的細胞之相關敘述，何者錯誤？ (A) 具有最強大的吞噬能力 (B) 活化後會變成免疫記憶細胞 (C) 可將抗原片段同時呈獻在MHC-I與 MHC-II (D) 可能源自單核球、原始淋巴球或原 始髓細胞。

11. The BLAST suite of programs can be used to? (A) display the reading frames of nucelotide sequence (B) compare a nucleotide or amino acid sequence to databases from a variety of species (C) analyze microarray data (D) find the tissues that a nucleotide sequence might be expressed in

12. In some plants, a yellow pigment is synthesized from a colorless precursor. In a cross between two parental plants, one yellow and the other colorless, an F1 generation was produced that was all yellow. The F2 produced from the F1 had 1075 yellow, 275 pink and 90 colorless plants. What mode of inheritance and phenotypic ratio do these results suggest? (A) Incomplete dominance, 1:2:1 phenotype ratio (B) Codominance, 9:6:1 phenotype ratio (C) Dominant epistasis, 12:3:1 phenotype ratio (D) Recessive epistasis, 9:3:4 phenotype ratio

14. To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree? (A) choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable (B) choose the tree with the fewest branch points (C) choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, either in DNA sequences or morphology (D) choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible

15. The evolutionary sequence in the development of a complex character can be best analyzed through? (A) synapomorphies (B) plesiomorphies (C) symplesiomorphies (D) phylogenetics

16. Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply? (A) the tracheal system of an insect (B) the skin of an earthworm (C) the gills of fishes (D) the skin of an amphibian (E) the lungs of a vertebrate

17. In a living organism, cells die either through apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrosis (cells swell and burst). Which the following statement is false? (A) apoptosis is induced in immature T-cells that recognize self-antigens (B) intestinal epithelial cells losing contact with the basal lamina undergo apoptosis (C) neural stem cells undergoing apoptosis expose on their surface a signal promoting phagocytosis (D) Necrosis never induces an inflammatory immune response (E) Cytochrome C is involved in intracellular apoptotic cascade

18. The effect of various mutations in a gene x coding for a protein X, essential for the synthesis of leucine, is studied in a haploid yeast. The beginning and the end of the complete sequence of the coding strand of x is given below. Indicate the following statement is true. (A) Cells with a CT mutation at position 13 produce shorter mRNA of x (B) Cells with a AT mutation at position 37 produce shorter version of X (C) Cells with a AT mutation at position 16 are able to grow on a medium lacking leucine. (D) Cells with an additional G between positions 33 and 34 produce functional X.

19. The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all the following except (A) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb (B) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons (C) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct (D) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.