15. How do you think of placebo effect to a particular therapy?
(A) It is ethically unjustifiable.
(B) It is deceptive on purpose.
(C) It is not based on the evidence of neurobiology.
(D) Infusion could add to the efficacy of the same drug when given orally.
(E) It is not necessary to communicate why a particular therapy being used.

11. The innervation of deep somatic tissue like muscle and joint is quite complex. Which of the following description is not appropriate? (A) The nociceptors are predominantly activated by non-physiological stimuli which may cause damage to the structures (e.g. overload, twisting, strong pressure, ischemic contraction). (B) During inflammation or after trauma, nociceptors of joint and muscle show pronounced sensitization, in particular for mechanical stimuli. (C) Descending inhibition is enhanced during chronic inflammation but seems to be normalized during acute inflammation. (D) Both primary afferent fibers as well as sympathetic reflexes may aggravate inflammatory lesions. (E) Reduced release of hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis such as cortisol, adrenal androgens and testosterone may cause a relative loss of anti-inflammatory activity.

12. Which of the following statements concerning the difference between phenol and alcohol when used in neurolytic blocks is/are FALSE?. (A). Phenol takes 15 minutes for neurolysis whereas alcohol's neurolytic effect is immediate. (B) Phenol usually does not produce pain on injection. (C) Intrathecal alcohol is hypobaric, whereas phenol is hyperbaric. (D) Phenol is approximately twice as efficacious as alcohol.

13. When will you make a surgical suggestion as you manage a patient with neck or low back pain? (A) Intractable symptoms for one week (B) No changes in physical findings and no response to conservative management for two weeks (C) Obvious radicular sign without findings of correctable anatomical problem for more than one month (D) No improvement with progressive neurologic deficit in two weeks (E) Mild improvement for more than one month but less than three months

14. For which of the following types of pain are antiepileptic drugs most commonly used? (A) Acute pain (B) Cancer pain (C) Chronic pain syndrome (D) Neuropathic pain (E) Nociceptive pain

16. About chemical neurolytic nerve blocks, which one of following statements is wrong? (A) Phenol or ethanol is usually used for chemical denervation. (B) The duration of these blocks is often disappointingly brief. (C) They may induce deafferentation-neuropathic type pain. (D) They are often indicated for patients with chronic pain and a normal life expectancy. (E) They can be used in patients with advanced cancer disease.

17. Arrange the pain intensity of the following conditions from the strongest to the least according to long form McGill Pain Questionnaire. 1. Labor pain, 2 Amputation of digit, 3. Male low abdominal surgery 4. Fracture : (A) 1＞2＞3＞4 (B) 2＞1＞4＞3 (C) 2＞1＞3＞4 (D) 1＞2＞4＞3 (E) None of above is right

18. Choice a wrong description about complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS): (A) CRPS I develop more often than CRPS II (B) CRPS is characterized by pain, abnormal regulation of blood flow and sweating, edema of skin and subcutaneous tissue. (C) Sympathetic paravertebral ganglia blockade has no effect on CRPS. (D) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may be effective in some cases. (E) Epidural spinal cord stimulation has shown efficacy in some cases

19. Choice a wrong description about pain following spinal cord injury (SCI): (A) Pain exists only at the level or below the level of injury cord. (B) The pain after SCI was composed of both nociceptive and neuropathic pain. (C) Psychological issues have tremendous importance in the expression of pain. (D) Tricyclic antidepressants may be effective for neuropathic SCI pain. (E) Clonidine administered spinally play some roles for SCI pain

20. Which of the following treatment is NOT the indication for limbs pain induced by increased spasticity after C7 incomplete spinal cord injury? (A) Joint positioning and range-of-motion (ROM) exercises. (B) Treat underlying spasticity-triggering events (infection, pressure ulcer, etc). (C) Serial casting or dynamic splinting to relieve already-occurred contractures. (D) Oral narcotics, like codeine or tramadol. (E) Anti-spasticity blocks via Botulinum toxins, phenol, or ethanol.

21. Which of the following describing the phenomenon of Wind-Up is right? (A) a form of heterosynaptic activity-dependent plasticity (B) elicited by repeated A-β-fiber stimuli (C) a co-release with glutamate of neuromodulators such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from the nociceptor central terminals (D) NMDA receptor is not recruited (E) all of the above are right