15. Which of the following is usually with a large size or high abundance?
(A) Foundation species
(B) Keystone species
(C) Ecosystem engineers
(D) None of the above

1. The expression and transformation of genetic information is through the Central Dogma. Which of the following is the correct flow? (A) Protein-RNA-DNA (B) DNA-Protein-RNA (C) RNA-DNA-Protein (D) DNA-RNA-Protein

2. Controlled experiments are required for performing experiments. To test the toxicity of a chemical on cell viability, which of the following treatments is the most proper control treatment? The chemical is dissolved in 0.1% DMSO and added 1 µL into 3 mL of cells. (A) Add nothing to the cells. (B) Add 1 µl water to the cells. (C) Add 1 µL of 0.1% DMSO to the cells. (D) Add 1 µL of 1% DMSO to the cells.

3. Which of the following is not a nucleic acid component? (A) Nitrogenous base (B) Sugar (C) Phosphate group (D) None of the above

4. ATP has three phosphate groups which can be hydrolyzed to provide free energy. Which of the following phosphates is first hydrolyzed to make ADP? (A) α (B) β (C) γ (D) None of the above

5. Which is the following organelles is critical to the production of ATP? (A) Ribosome (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Lysosome (D) Mitochondrion

6. Which of the following is not a component or attached to the cell plasma membrane? (A) Phospholipid (B) Glycoprotein (C) Cholesterol (D) Nucleic acid

7. Mating yeast cells communicate with each other by which of the following. (A) Secreted factors (B) Cell-cell contact (C) Electric signal (D) None of the above

8. Cyclic AMP is one of the well-known second messengers. How does it transmit the signals? (A) Degrading into AMP (B) Binding to molecules containing cAMP-binding sites. (C) Translocating to the nucleus (D) All of the above

9. Which of the following reactions produces more ATP per cycle? (A) Fermentation (B) The Citric Acid Cycle (C) Glycolysis (D) Oxidative phosphorylation

10. Which of the following is the key component of a mitotic spindle (A) Actin (B) Tubulin (C) Lipid (D) carbohydrate

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