16. Nitrifying bacteria obtain their chemical energy from:
(A) the reduction of NO₃ to NH₄⁺,
(B) the formation of NH₄⁺ from N₂ gas,
(C) the oxidation of NH₄⁺ to N₂,
(D) the oxidation of NH₄⁺ to NO₃^-,
(E) the formation of NO₂^- from NO₃¯.

1. What is the overall net charge of the peptide "DGAKER" at pH 7.0? (A) +2, (B) +1, (C) 0, (D) -2, (E) -1.

2. The large negative free energy change of ATP on hydrolysis is due to: (A) Destabilization due to Electrostatic repulsion, (B) Stabilization of products by ionization and resonance, (C) Entropy factors arising from hydrolysis and ionization, (D) free energy change ~35kJ/mol, (E) all of the above.

3. The structure of tetramic hemoglobin belongs to: (A) primary structure, (B) secondary structure, (C) tertiary structure, (D) quaternary structure, (E) NONE.

4. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that contains two short polypeptide chains linked by two interstrand disulfide bonds. The most logical order of events to perform in order to sequence this protein would be:a: The peptides are reduced with mercaptoethanol.b: The peptides are sequenced using Edman chemistry.c: The peptides are separated by chromatography techniques.d: The peptides are alkylated with iodoacetamide. (A) c, a, d, b, (B) c, b, a, d, (C) a, b, c, d, (D) a, c, d, b, (E) a, d, c, b.

5. The conformation of a protein means all EXCEPT: (A) the overall three-dimensional structure of the protein, (B) done by rotating the single bond along the peptide backbone, (C) the result of amino acid side-chain interactions, (D) done by breaking and reforming covalent bonds, (E) None, all are true.

6. The CO2 is primarily a product of (A) glycolysis, (B) lactate fermentation, (C) citric acid cycle, (D) oxidative phosphorylation, (E) gluconeogenesis.

7. Arrange the following reactions in order of increasing number of ATP production: (i) anaerobic catabolism of glucose； (ii) aerobic catabolism of glucose； (iii) aerobic catabolism of acetate； (iv) aerobic catabolism of palmitate. (A) i＜ii＜iii＜iv, (B) i＜iii＜ii＜iv, (C) i＜iv＜iii＜ii, (D) iv＜iii＜ii＜i, (E) ii＜i＜iii＜iv.

8. Which of the following Intermediates of citric acid cycle is the precursor of glutamate? (A) a-Ketoglutarate, (B) succinyl-CoA, (C) oxaloacetate, (D) fumarate, (E) malate.

9. Enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the matrix of mitochondria EXCEPT (A) citrate synthase, (B) aconitase, (C) isocitrate dehydrogenase, (D) succinate dehydrogenase, (E) fumarase.

10. The primary form of carbohydrates transported from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of plant is (A) glucose, (B) sucrose, (C) fructose, (D) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, (E) malic acid.

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