16. The following techniques could be potentially employed as a tool in gene therapy except_______ .
(A) RNAi
(B) Antisense DNA
(C) Triplex DNA
(D) Ribozyme
(E) DNA bending 

12. Pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor for which of the following enzymatic reaction? (A) Fixation of carbon dioxide. (B) Oxidation-reduction. (C) Aminotransferase. (D) Phosphate group transfer. (E) Isomerase.

13. Which of the following enzymes converts stearoyl-CoA to oleoyl-CoA? (A) △ 5 desaturase. (B) △ 6 desaturase. (C) △ 7 desaturase. (D) △8 desaturase. (E)△9 desaturase.

14. All of the following compounds are intermediates of the Kreb cycle except_______ . (A) isocitrate (B) malate (C) oxaloacetate (D) pyruvate (E) succinate

15. If the numbering of fatty acids in the carboxyl carbon is number 1, which carbon in palmitic acid is oxidized during the first cycle of E-oxidation? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 15

17. In glycoproteins, the carbohydrate moiety is always attached through the amino acid residues_______. (A) tryptophan, aspartate or cysteine (B) asparagine, serine or threonine (C) glycine, alanine or aspartate (D) aspartate or glutamate (E) glutamine or arginine

18. Sphingosine is not a component of_______. (A) cardiolipin (B) ceramide (C) cerebrosides (D) gangliosides (E) sphingomyelin

19. The ion channel that opens in response to acetylcholine is an example of a ____________ signal transduction system. (A) G protein (B) ligand-gated (C) receptor-enzyme (D) serpentine receptor (E) voltage-gated

20. A monoclonal antibody differs from a polyclonal antibody in that monoclonal antibodies_______. (A) are labeled with chemicals that can be visualized (B) are produced by cells from the same organism that produced the antigen (C) are synthesized by a population of identical, or “cloned” cells (D) are synthesized only in living organisms (E) have only a single polypeptide chain that can recognize an antigen 

21. Below is a diagram of two DNA strands that are part of the coding region of gene. What is the sequence of bases and strand orientation in the transcribed RNA molecular?5’ --- GTACGTGAA---3’ coding strand3’ --- CATGCACTT---5’ template strand (A) 3’ GUACGUGAA 5’ (B) 5’ GTACGTGAA 3’ (C) 3’ CAUGCACUU 5’ (D) 5’ CAUGCACUU 3’ (E) 5’ GUACGUGAA 3’

22. The human genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU) can result from_______ . (A) lack of phenylalanine decarboxylase (B) deficiency in aromatic amino acid transaminase (C) a deficiency of protein in the diet (D) overproduction of ketone bodies (E) lack of an enzyme required for converting phenylalanine to tyrosine