17. Which following item is not a criterion for the diagnosis of migraine?
(A) Aggravation by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity
(B) Unilaterallocation
(C) Moderate or severe pain intensity
(D) Throbbing/stabbing quality
(E) All are criteria for diagnosis of migraine

13. 下列關於 WHO Analgesic Ladder 的三階梯(3 steps)用藥，哪一項較不正確： (A) Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)是 step I 用藥，也可以是 step II 用藥 (B) Tramadol 是 weak opioid,屬於 step II 用藥 (C) Hydromorphone, oxycodone 是 strong opioids, 屬於 step III 用藥 (D) Ketamine 作用於 opioid-resistant pain, 可歸類於 step III 用藥 (E) Buprenorphine 是 partial opioid agonist, 歸類於 step II 用藥

14. About chemical neurolytic nerve blocks, which one of following statements is wrong? (A) Phenol or ethanol is usually used for chemical denervation (B) The duration of these blocks is often disappointingly brief. (C) They may induce deafferentation-neuropathic type pain. (D) They are often indicated for patients with chronic pain and a normal life expectancy. (E) They can be used in patients with advanced cancer disease.

15. Based on clinical situations, which kind of opioids owns the highest oral bioavailability ? (A) Hydromorphone (B) Morphine (C) Pethidine (meperidine) (D) Oxycodone (E) Tramadol

16. A 52-year-old man complains of a sudden onset of severe, stabbing pain in the left jaw and cheek that subsides in less than a minute. He is pain-free during the intervals between attacks. Activities such as combing his hair and shaving can cause the onset of this facial pain. He is otherwise healthy. The most likely diagnosis is (A) trigeminal neuralgia (B) atypical facial pain (C) postherpetic neuralgia (D) vascular facial pain

18. Peripheral nerve injuries are often associated with neuropathic pain. Which of the following statement is least likely: (A) Nerve injury causes sprouting (or phenotypic changes) of large-diameter primary afferents from the deep dorsal horn into lamina I & II. (B) The cholera toxin B subunit is the primary marker used for sprouting of injured primary nerves. (C) During inflammatory pain, the dorsal root ganglion in the involved nerve show similar changes as seen in neuropathic pain. (D) Peripheral nerve injury may cause ongoing activity and after-discharges. (E) The overall increased excitatory drive may be combined with a compromised inhibitory control in the dorsal horn.

19. Which of the following description about cancer pain mechanism is wrong, ( if ABCD are all right , choice E)? (A) Ischemia is involved in cancer pain mechanism. (B) Tumor-induced release of protons is one of the possible mechanisms of cancer pain. (C) Nerve growth factors (NGF) is involved in some cancer pain mechanism. (D) Cyclooxygenase (COX) is not involved in cancer pain mechanism. (E) All the above descriptions are right.

20. About the failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), which one of the following procedure may be the last to be considered due to possible poor response? (A) caudal steroids injection (B) epidural adhesive lysis (C) spinal cord stimulation (D) radiofrequency denervation (E) lumbar sympathetic block

21. A patient suffered from chronic low back pain with radiating to buttock, poster lateral thigh and lateral aspect of lower leg. Muscle weakness was observed in the extensor hallucis longus and tibialis anterior. Which lumbosacral root compression is the most likely？ (A) L2 root compression (B) L3 root compression (C) L4 root compression (D) L5 root compression (E) S1 root compression

22. 以下敘述何者錯誤？ (A) Trigeminal pain 是 a bottom-up process. (B) Trigeminal pain 可能與“top-down” nociceptive mechanisms 相關 (C)大腦皮質是 a major source of top-down modulation of pain (D) pain perception 並非是 an active process (E) Noxious inputs can modulate spinal outflow via the brain stem structures in a bidirectional fashion.

23. Which of the following is not true about objective characteristics of muscle pain? (A) No flexor reflexes when the muscle is painfully stimulated (B) Autonomic symptoms such as a drop in blood pressure, sweating (C) Convergent input from muscle and other sources to central neurons (D) Supraspinal processing in centers different from those for cutaneous pain (E) All of the above are correct.