18. A typical IS-LM model composes AD, and AS is the aggregate supply curve of the classical school. Analyzing the U.S. economy in the face of Covid-19 in 2020 with the model, which of the following is a correct statement?
(A) The lockdown shifts the AD leftward
(B) The lockdown moves along the AD upward
(C) The increased unemployment moves the AS leftward
(D) The hospitalization of workers does not shift the AS.

1.Which of the following is NOT a prediction of marginal utility theory? (A) Other things being equal, the higher the price of a good, the lower is the quantity demanded. (B) Other things being equal, the higher the price of a good, the higher is the consumption of substitutes for that good. (C) The "equilibrium" in the real world means that households have spent their incomes in such a way that their overall satisfaction is maximized. (D)If two households have identical preferences but different incomes, the wealthier one will have lower satisfaction for most goods. (E) The rational spending rule.

2.A 1 percent increase in the price of good X results in a 2 percent increase in the quantity demanded of good Y. A 1 percent increase in the price of good Y will result in an increase in the quantity demanded of good Y that is: (A) 0.5 percent (B) 2 percent (C) Less than 0.5 percent (D) I percent (E) Indeterminate from the information given

3. If a sales tax is imposed on a good produced by an industry which exhibits increasing costs and demand is not perfectly inelastic, then: (A) The price (including the tax) received by the producer decreases. (B) The price to the consumer rises by more than the tax. (C) The price to the consumer rises by the tax. (D) The price to the consumer rises by less than the tax. (E) The price received by the producer remains unchanged.

4.Suppose that an individual receives utility from the consumption of X, Y, Z. We have learned that U(X, Y, Z) = 5 log(X) + 3log(Y) + 2 log(2). If the individual has $100 to spend on these items and the prices of the items are 10, 2, and 4 for X, Y, and Z, respectively. The individual will consume: (A) X=5, Y=5,Z=10 (B) X=6, Y=10,Z=5 (C) X=4, Y=10.Z=10 (D) X=4, Y=20,Z=5 (E) None of the above

5.Consider an individual who lives for two periods, working in the last period of life (n2) and consuming in the first (c1). The individual can consume in period one by borrowing at the market rate R. The production function and utility function of the individual are given as y2 = kn2 and U(c1, n2) = log(c1) - n2. What is the optimal value of n2? (A) 1 (B) (1+R)/k (C) 0 (D) 1/k (E) k/(l+R)

6. If a firm is able to increase output without increasing costs, it must: (A) Be able to reallocate its output without changing their marginal product per dollar of any output. (B) Have experienced an increase in the price of at least one of its inputs. (C) Not be minimizing its costs. (D) Be operating in an optimal manner (E) Have been using too much of the input with the highest marginal product per dollar and too little of the one with the lowest marginal product per dollar.

7.The cost function of Animal Across Co. is c(w1, W2, y). w1 and w2 are the wage of factor 1 (X1) and factor 2 (X2), respectively； y is output level. If Animal Across Co.'s production function is y(X1, X2) = Max(4X1, 5X2), what is the exact cost function of this company? (A) y*(w1/4+w2/5) (B) y*Min(w1/4, w2/5) (C) y*(w1/5 +w2/4) (D) w1/4 +w2/5 (E) y*Max(w1/4, w2/5)

8. The accompanying table describes the relationship between the number of workers hired by a call center each hour and the number of calls the call center can make each hour. The call center has only 1 telephone. The telephone costs the firm $5/hour (regardless of how many calls are made), and each worker is paid $10 per hour.Average variable cost is minimized when output is approximately: (A) 6 units (B) 16 units (C) 22 units (D) 24 units (E) Indeterminate from the information given

9. Assume TO YOTA is able to practice the third degree price discrimination between the U.S. and the Japan markets. The demand function in the U.S. market is QA=600-3PA and the demand function in the Japan market is QJ=1200 - 6PJ. To maximize its profits, TOYOTA should: (A) Charge a higher price in the Japan market (B) Charge the sample price in both markets (C) Sell any more in the U.S. market (D) Sell any more in the Japan market (E) Charge a higher price in the U.S. market

10. A game has two players. Each player has two possible strategies. One is "cooperate" ( C ), the other is "betray" ( B ). Each player writes on a piece of paper either a C or ( B ) If both players write C, they both get a payoff of $1000. If both write B, they both get a payoff of zero. If one player writes C and the other writes B, the cooperating player gets a payoff of X and the betraying player gets a payoff of Y. To betray will be a dominant strategy for both player if (A) Y＞ 1000＞X (B)Y＞X (C) Y＞Oand X<0 (D) Y = 1000 and X <0 (E) Y> 1000 and X <0

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