18. Codons are part of the molecular structure of _____.
(A) a protein
(B) mRNA
(C) tRNA
(D) rRNA

1. Which statement is NOT true in a vascular plant with a heterosporous life cycle? (A) Both male and female gametophytes develop within the sporophyte generation. (B) Microspores develop into male gametophytes, while megaspores develop into female gametophytes. (C) Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into the next sporophyte generation. (D) The gametophyte generation is independent and free-living.

2. Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by both non-vascular and vascular plants? (A) Presence of cell walls composed of cellulose (B) Sexual reproduction involving gametes (C) Dependence on water for sperm transfer (D) Embryonic development protected by a multicellular structure

3. Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water primarily through which structures? (A) Roots (B) Stems (C) Leaves (D) Flowers

4. An example of convergent evolution is: (A) Humans and chimpanzees having five fingers (B) Owls and hawks having sharp beaks for hunting (C) Dolphins and sharks having streamlined bodies (D) Lions and tigers having different prey preferences

5. What is the only type of chemical signal that does not alter the physiology of the animal producing that signal? (A) neural (B) paracrine (C) neuroendocrine (D) pheromones

6. Innate immunity _____ .(A) is activated immediately upon infection (B) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen (C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens (D) is found only in vertebrate animals

7. Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells. (A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs (B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface (C) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released (D) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

8. You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? (A) Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. (B) Mast cells are not releasing their chemical messengers. (C) There are too many antigens to allow clotting. (D) Hemoglobin levels are too high to allow clotting.

9. The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates_____.(A) secretion (B) absorption (C) filtration (D) temperature regulation

10. The motor (somatic nervous) system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because _____.(A) it is electrically coupled by gap junctions to the muscles (B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles (C) its signals reach the muscles via the blood (D) it is connected to the internal neural network of the muscles

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