18. Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or unhappy? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. _______________
(A) In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain.
(B) Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.
(C) For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
(D) Obviously, different emotions that are conveyed through facial expressions could bridge the communication breakdowns. ¯

1. _______________ One enduring aspect of the cultures of Kenya is the family. Traditionally, Kenyan people received all their education from their parents and grandparents. Today there are schools to educate children, but the family is still very important as a social unit. Another enduring aspect of Kenyan cultures is respect for the old. Traditional society was organized around not only family life but also relationships with a group of people of the same age. These same-age groups went through all the stages of life together until they became the much-respected elders who made decisions for the community. Today old people are still respected, but they don’t have the responsibility of leadership that they once had. (A) Although Kenya has many different ethnic groups, the cultures across the nation share some common characteristics. (B) Kenya is a country that embraces modernity with new characteristics. (C) If you want to travel to Kenya, here are a few things you need to know. (D) To know a country, you have to know its cultures. ¯

2. _______________ Her father, restaurateur architect and art connoisseur, Michael Chow, and mother, style icon and jewelry designer, Tina Chow, moved the family from London to New York when China was five years old. As her father’s restaurant, Mr. Chow, became a mecca to the art world that ruled Manhattan, she connected with some of the most prominent artists of the time such as Andy Warhol and Keith Haring. She has fond memories of learning to draw with family friend, renowned artist Jean-Michel Basquiat. Having spent most of her childhood at museums and galleries with her parents, it was inevitable that she would become an avid art enthusiast. (A) China Chow was educated in New York to be an artist. (B) Knowing many great artists helps China Chow to develop her own artistic style. (C) China Chow’s parents developed a social networking site for the artists of their time. (D) China Chow’s introduction to art began when she was a child. ¯

3. _______________ A Harvard Medical School study indicates that women who slept five hours a night were 32 percent more likely to gain 30 pounds or more as they got older, compared to women who slept at least seven hours. When you are sleep deprived, you don’t think straight or make good decisions. When you have enough sleep, your brain runs fast and every system is being fine-tuned and restored to optimal operating mode. Now we have discovered more about the whole-life secrets of getting the best possible benefits from this blissful slumber. It is time to awake to a new world of joy and vitality. (A) If you know the secrets of how to get enough sleep, you will enjoy your life better. (B) In recent decades, research has revealed a fascinating array of benefits from getting enough sleep. (C) Your body is a complex mechanism that remains unaffected by how much you sleep. (D) For the past decades, researchers have been curious about the relation between weight loss and sleep. ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 公告試題 僅供參考外語群英語類 專業科目(二) 第 3 頁 共 12 頁

4. _______________ Doctor Walz suggests that people have a difficult time with change, so when someone we love alters his or her lifestyle, we have a problem dealing with it. People we know will try to change us back to what the culture tolerates. There are other reasons to keep your weight-loss plans to yourself. Dr. Peter Gollwitzer describes how spilling the beans and the resulting response can change someone’s actions. His studies found that when you tell people what you intend to do, and that intention is acknowledged, the recognition qualifies as an indicator of accomplishment, lessening the urge to follow through. (A) Sticking to your diet plans is difficult because temptations are hard to resist. (B) The goals of your diet plans are subject to change when you take the suggestions of some experts. (C) Telling family and friends about your diet plans could have a detrimental effect. (D) It is difficult to diet because we will go through a difficult period of behavior change. ¯

5. _______________ In 1968 Sir Ranulph Fiennes started an expedition into the biggest desert in the world, the Empty Quarter in Arabia. He and his team went in search of the buried city of Ubar, which dated back to the time of the Queen of Sheba. It was on the Ptolemy’s first map of the world and was mentioned in the Bible and Koran. Over the next 26 years they tried everything and found nothing. Then, one day, he overheard his two guides say, “These people call themselves archaeologist but they are not digging.” Sir Fiennes knew they were spying on them and said, “We’ve got to dig at once!” They started digging in some nearby rubble and within two days they were finding 3000-year-old Persian chess pieces eight inches below the surface. A month later they discovered the walls of a city. It was Ubar. That indeed was luck, total luck. (A) Many archaeologists had tried to follow the Ptolemy’s map to find the city of Ubar but in vain. (B) Sir Ranulph had been leading expeditions for over 42 years to find the city of Ubar. (C) Sir Ranulph Fiennes realized that luck can suddenly turn an impossible situation into a success. (D) Sir Ranulph Fiennes’ discovery of the city of Ubar is a story of persistence and perseverance. ¯

6. _______________ When they are unhappy, they moan and groan. When they want to pick a fight, they bark. When night falls, they use a special howl to call each other together for the hunt. When dawn breaks, a different howl tells the pack that it is time to return to their den. And another howl says to the pack, “Danger ahead!” With their keen sense of hearing, the gray wolf can hear a howl for help almost four miles away. (A) Gray wolves like the company of other wolves. (B) Gray wolves use different sounds to communicate. (C) Gray wolves are nature’s best predators. (D) Gray wolves are the noisiest of all mammals. ¯

7. _______________ A device called a seismometer can detect large earthquakes happening underwater. When the device sends this data to government centers, the people in the centers can warn people of a tsunami. Unfortunately, however, this gives a lot of false warnings since only about 25% of earthquakes cause a tsunami. (A) One way of predicting tsunami is to look for underwater earthquakes. (B) One way of preventing tsunami is to use a seismometer. (C) Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions all have potentials to create a tsunami. (D) Regions with a high tsunami risk typically use warning systems to warn the population before the wave reaches land. ¯ ¯ 公告試題 僅供參考外語群英語類 專業科目(二) 共 12 頁 第 4 頁

8. Most cat owners love their cats. _______________ Scientists researching the behavior of runaway house cats have discovered that they tend to live in groups like lions. Furthermore, like lions, female cats share mothering duties and develop complex social relationships. (A) However, lions have been observed as demonstrating gentle behavior toward small creatures, like cats, in the wild. (B) However, only some keepers have observed there are few differences between African lions and their Asian counterparts. (C) However, most of them are not aware that their pets are considered to only a step away from the African lion. (D) However, research shows wild house cats do not usually live alone as lions do. ¯

9. _______________ Horses were injected with toxins of diseases until their blood built up immunities. Then an antitoxin or serum was made from their blood. Serums to fight both diphtheria (白喉) and tetanus(破傷風)were developed in this way. (A) Worldwide, the horse plays a role within human cultures and has done so for thousands of years. (B) People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from association with the horse. (C) The horse has played a little-known but very important role in the field of medicine. (D) Horse blood was once used as food by some nomadic tribes, who found it a convenient source of nutrition when traveling. ¯

10. _______________ The Indonesian kite, for example, is usually constructed of four or five sticks tied together in the center. The sticks form sturdy frame for a rectangular cover whose center is pierced by a circular hole several inches in diameter. The surface of the cover is often decorated with stripes and designs reminiscent of stars. This kite is especially suited for flying in strong winds. (A) Kites were first introduced in China by 5th century BC, yet their designs vary around the world. (B) In many cultures around the world, the custom of kite flying has been passed from generation to generation almost as a ritual. (C) The traditional kite flying involves flying a tethered man-made object with the help of the natural wind. (D) Kites were invented approximately 2,800 years ago in China, where materials ideal for kite building were readily available: silk fabric, silk line and bamboo. ¯ 第二大題：段落組成(第 11−20 題) 說明：以下十個段落，各缺少一個句子或子句，請依各段落文意，就所附的四個選項中，選出 一個最恰當的答案，並將答案代號標示在答案卷上。 ¯

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