18. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is used in calculations of
(A)melting and freezing points.
(B)vapor pressures of liquids.
(C)osmotic pressures of solutions.
(D)heats of vaporization at different temperatures.
(E)crystal structure.

1. At a particular temperature, the half-life of a zero-order reaction is 32 min. How long will it take for the reactant concentration to be depleted by a factor of 16? (A)128 min (B)480 min (C)160 min (D)60 min (E)96 min

2. A 100.0-mL sample of the triprotic weak acid H3A (0.200 M) is titrated with 0.200 M NaOH. Besides water and sodium ions, what are the major species after 180.0 mL of 0.200 M NaOH is added in the titration? (A)H2A- (B)HA2- (C)HA2-, A3- (D)H2A-, HA2- (E)A3-

3. Which of the following statements is correct? (A)As long as the disorder of the surroundings is increasing, a process will be spontaneous. (B)For any process, \(\Delta S_{\text{surr}}\) and \(\Delta S_{\text{sys}}\) have opposite signs. (C)If \(\Delta S_{\text{surr}} = -\Delta S_{\text{sys}}\), the process is at equilibrium. (D)\(\Delta H^{\circ}\) is zero for a chemical reaction at constant temperature. (E)none of these

4. Which of the following ions will be expected to have the most negative heat of hydration, \(\Delta H_{\text{hydr}}\)? (A)Cs+ (B)Na+ (C)Ca2+ (D)F- (E)Ba2+

5. Which of the following properties is not a state function? (A)Internal energy (E) (B)Entropy (S) (C)Pressure (P) (D)Gibb's free energy (G) (E)Heat (q)

6. Among these 8 molecules: CH4, XeF4, CHCl3, BF3, CS2, PH3, BrF5, SCl2, how many molecules are polar? (A)4 (B)5 (C)6 (D)3 (E)2

7. Consider the following octahedral complex structures, each involving ethylenediamine and two different monodentate ligands, X and Y. Which one of the following statements about these structures is incorrect? (A)Structures 1 and 2 are optical isomers. (B)Structures 1 and 3 are optical isomers. (C)Structures 1 and 3 are different complexes. (D)Structures 1 and 4 are geometrical isomers. (E)Structures 3 and 4 are the same complex.

8. Which of the following has the smallest radius? (A)Se2- (B)Br- (C)Kr (D)Rb+ (E)Sr2+

9. How many of the following molecules have all of their atoms in the same plane? H2C = CH2 F2O H2CO NH3 CO2 BeCl2 H2O2 (A)3 (B)4 (C)5 (D)6 (E)7

10. Consider the following Lewis structure. (Lone pairs are not drawn in.) Which statement about the molecule is incorrect? (A)There are 10 \(\sigma\) and 2 \(\pi\) bonds. (B)Oxygen is sp3 hybridized. (C)C-2 is sp2 hybridized with bond angles of 120°. (D)This molecule contains 28 valence electrons. (E)There are some H–C–H bond angles of about 109° in the molecule.

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