18. Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?
(A) systole of the left ventricle
(B) systole of the left atrium
(C) diastole of the right ventricle
(D)diastole of the right atrium

1. Innate immunity________. (A) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen (B) is found only in vertebrates (C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen (D)is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens

2. Inflammatory responses typically include________. (A) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area (B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area (C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma (D)inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone matrow

3. You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this? (A) Your friend had allergies. (B) Your friend had an autoim ne disorder. (C) Your friend had antibodies to that virus. (D)You had an immunological memory of that virus.

4. In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n = 10), how many centromeres will be found in a nucleus at G2 of the cell division cycle? (A)10 (B)20 (C)5(D)40

5.Density-dependent inhibition is explained by which of the following processes? (A) As cells become more numerous, the protein kinases they produce begin to compete with each other, such that the proteins produced by one cell essentially cancel those produced by its neighbor. (B) As cells become more numerous, the cell surface proteins of one ceill contact the adjoining cells, and they signal each other to stop (C) As cells become more numerous, they begin to squeeze against each other, restricting their size. (D)As cells become more numerous, the level of waste products increases, which slows metabolism and inhibits growth.

6. Which of the following statements is correct in comparing sexual and asexual reproduction? (A) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring. (B) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring. (C) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of only plants and fungi. (D)In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis. 

7. Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16? (A) The species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell. (B) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chrom (C)The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell. (D) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.

8. How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AnBbCCDdEE? (A)4 (B)8 (C)64(D)16

9. A black guinea pig crossed with a guinea pig with albinism produced 12 black offspring. When the albino was crossed with a second black animal, six blacks and six albinos were obtained. What is the best explanation for this genetic situation? (A) Albinism is a recessive trait； black is a dominant trait. (B) Albinism is a recessive trait； black is codominant (C) Albinism and black are codominant. (D)Albinism is a dominant trait； black is incompletely dominant.

10. Abnormal chromosomes are frequently found in malignant tumors. Errors such as translocations may place a gene in close proximity to different control regions. Which of the following events might then occur to make the cancer worse? (A) expression of inappropriate gene products (B) an increase in nondisjunction (C)failure of the cancer cells to multiply (D)a decrease in mitotic frequency

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