19. In bacteria, the transition from transcriptional initiation to elongation involves
(A) binding of sigma factor.
(B) release of sigma factor.
(C) binding of rho factor.
(D) binding of RNA polymerase to DNA.
(E) release of RNA polymerase from DNA.

1. Why did Mendel perform reciprocal crosses?(A) To obtain enough plants to perform the experiments that Mendel wanted.(B) To test a hypothesis that stated the ovum carries all the information for progeny.(C) To be able to breed plants year-round.(D) To determine whether the inheritance of a trait depends on which parent carries the trait.(E) To determine which trait is dominant and which is recessive.

2. If a trait is controlled by two different genes, a possible interaction between alleles of these genes can be called (A) dominance.(B) codominance. (C) incomplete dominance.(D) epigenetics. (E) epistasis.

3.A disease is caused by homozygosity for the g allele (G is the corresponding wild-type allele). However, the penetrance of the disease is 75%. Two individuals known to be heterozygotes have a child. What is the probability that the child exhibits the disease? (A) 3/16 (B) 1/8 (C) 3/4 (D) 9/16(E) 1/4

4. In peas, tall (T) is dominant to short (f), red flowers (R) is dominant to white flowers (r), and wide leaves (W) is dominant to narrow leaves (w). A tall plant that has red flowers and wide leaves is crossed to a short plant that has white flowers and narrow leaves. The resulting progeny are shown in the table.If two or more of the genes are linked, what is the map distance that separates them?(A) None of the genes is linked to another.(B) 50 m.u.(C) 24 m.u.(D) 12 m.u.(E) 4 m.u.

5.Nondisjunction can occur at either the first or second division of meiosis. XYY individuals would most likely arise from nondisjunction at the _________ meiotic division in the_________.(A) second; mother(B) first; mother(C) second; father(D) first; father(E) More than one of the choices could give rise to XYY individuals.

6. Individuals with an XXY karyotype are_________in humans and_________ in fruit flies.(A) male; male(B) female; female(C) male; intersexual(D) male; female(E) female; male

7. Which of the following is NOT true of DNA?(A) It is acidic.(B) It contains deoxyribose.(C) It is found in cell nuclei.(D) It contains phosphate.(E) It contains amino acids.

8.The protein that progressively unwinds DNA ahead of each replication fork is called(A) primase. (B) helicase. (C) topoisomerase.(D) telomerase. (E) ligase.

9.What radiolabeled substance did Hershey and Chase use to label the protein component of the bacteriophage in their study to determine whether protein or DNA was necessary for phage production?(A) Nitrogen; N(D) Phosphorus; P(B) Carbon; C(E) lodine; I(C) Sulfur; S

10.The antiparallel polarity of the two DNA strands within the double helix affects DNA replication in that(A) it takes twice as long to replicate two strands sequentially from 5' to 3'.(B)circular bacterial DNA does not have polarity, so a single strand can be copied twice.(C) DNA polymerases on each strand synthesize DNA in the 5'-to-3' direction, and one strand is synthesized discontinuously.(D) each portion of the double helix must be unwound twice so that both strands are replicated continuously.(E) Only one strand of DNA at any replication origin can be synthesized.

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