19. The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably
(A) Kelp (brown alga) that formed large beds near the shorelines
(B) Green al gae
(C) Photosynthesizing prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)
(D) Liverworts and mosses

15. Chemoautotrophs? (A) Use inorganic compound (such as methane) as energy source and CO2 as a carbon source (B) Use light as energy source and organic compound as a carbon source (C) Use organic compound as energy source and organic compound as a carbon source (D) Use light as energy source and CO2 as a carbon source

16. Which of the following is a density-independent factor in a population? (A) Food (B) Weather (C) Habitat (D) Carrying capacity

17. Gymnosperms? (A) Ovary becomes the fruit after fertilization (B) Undergo double fertilization (C) Do not have vascular tissues (D) Bear seeds on exposed surfaces of spore-bearing structures

18. Which of the following tools of DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? (A) DNA polymerase_polymerase chain reaction to amplify specific DNA fragments (B) Electrophoresis_separation of DNA fragments by size (C) DNA ligase_ cutting DNA to create DNA segments with specific ends (D) Reverse transcriptase_use mRNA to synthesize DNA

20. In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed- producing plants? (A) Sporopollenin (a component of spore outer walls) (B) Lignin present in cell walls (C) Megaphylls (D) Pollen

21. Much of the animal diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to (A) Reproduce (B) Arrange cells into tissues (C) Sense, feed, and move (D) Form an embryo and establish a basic body plan

22. Vertebrates and tunicates share? (A) A notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord (B) The formation of structures from the neural crest (C) A high degree of cephalization (D) Jaws adapted for feeding

23. One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that? (A) Only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem (B) Root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not (C) Vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves (D) A waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

24. Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it (A) Was the first theory to refute the ideas of special creation (B) Dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations (C) Proved that individuals acclimated to their environment over time (D) Was the first time a biologist had proposed that species changed through time

25. Which statement about variation is TRUE? (A) All phenotypic variation is the result of genotypic variation (B) All genetic variation produces phenotypic variation (C) All new alleles are the result of nucleotide variability (D) All nucleotide variability results in neutral variation