21. Arachidonic acid can be synthesized from linoleic acid through
(A) Δ⁶ desaturation → Δ⁵ desaturation → elongation
(B) Δ⁶ desaturation → Δ⁴ desaturation → elongation
(C) Δ⁶ desaturation → elongation → Δ⁵ desaturation
(D) Δ⁶ desaturation → elongation → Δ⁴ desaturation
(E) Δ⁶ desaturation → elongation → Δ⁹ desaturation

1. A mutant strain of yeast possesses a mutation in the nda2 gene, resulting in no production of αl tubulin. As a result, these cells would most likely (A) not duplicate their chromosomes. (B) not enter M phase. (C) not enter S phase. (D) keep the nuclear membrane intact. (E) have little or no spindle formation.

2. Numerous Xenopus cells were exposed to various amounts of ultraviolet light. Some of the resulting cells were observed to lack nucleoli. As a result, one would expect that the cell could not (A) perform cellular respiration. (B) replicate its DNA. (C) perform photosynthesis. (D) synthesize rRNA. (E) none of the above

3. Cancer treatments often involve chemicals that arrest DNA synthesis. The cancer cells are more directly affected than noncancer cells because (A) DNA synthesis does not occur in noncancerous cells. (B) DNA synthesis occurs differently in noncancerous cells. (C) treatment with these chemicals results in the cancerous cells regaining control over the cell cycle. (D) DNA synthesis occurs less frequently in the noncancerous cells. (E) DNA synthesis occurs less frequently in the cancerous cells.

4. Cyclins modulate the progression of cells through the cell cycle by (A) directly activating G proteins. (B) inducing synthesis of constitutively active forms of growth cell receptors. (C) activating protein kinases that are critical regulators of cell division. (D) phosphorylating histones. (E) increasing the production of DNA polymerases.

5. The biological role of restriction enzymes is to: (A) aid recombinant DNA research. (B) degrade foreign DNA that enters a bacterium. (C) make bacteria resistant to antibiotics. (D) restrict the damage to DNA by ultraviolet light. (E) restrict the size of DNA in certain bacteria.

6. The PCR reaction mixture does not include: (A) all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates. (B) DNA containing the sequence to be amplified. (C) DNA ligase. (D) heat-stable DNA polymerase. (E) oligonucleotide primer(s).

7. Please select which following hormone does not interact with its receptor on the plasma membrane. (A) Epinephrine (B) Glucagon (C) Insulin (D) Prostaglandin (E) Testosterone

8. Please select which following nucleic acid sequence is critical for the translation of prokaryotes. (A) CAAT box (B) C-rich sequence (C) Kozak's sequence (D) Shine-Dalgano sequence (E) TATA box

9. Please select which following enzyme contains ribozyme activity. (A) RNase A (B) RNase D (C) RNase H (D) RNase L (E) RNase P

10. Please select which following sugar residue on the plasma membrane is critical for the infection and release of influenza virus. (A) Fucose (B) Glucose (C) GluNAc (D) Mannose (E) Sialic acid

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