21. What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
(A) It hydrolyzes the host cell's DN( A )
(B) It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
(C) It converts host cell RNA into viral DN( A )
(D) It translates viral RNA into proteins.
(E) It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands.

1.This question refers to the 5-stage process of hypothesis testing. What is the appropriate order of the stages when generating and testing a hypothesis? (1) Experimentation is conducted to determine if the predictions are correct. (2) The hypothesis is accepted or rejected. (3) Observations are made regarding a natural phenomenon. (4) The observations lead to a hypothesis that tries to explain the phenomenon. A useful hypothesis is one that is testable because it makes specific predictions. (5) The data from the experiment is analyzed. (A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (B) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2 (C) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 (D) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 (E) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5

2. A covalent chemical bond is one in which (A) electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged. (B) protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms. (C) outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms. (D) outer-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the inner electron shells of another atom. (E) inner-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the outer electron shell of another atom.

3. Which of the following is possible due to the high surface tension of water? (A) Lakes don't freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures. (B) A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond. (C) Organisms resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions. (D) Water can act as a solvent. (E) The pll of water remains exactly neutral.

4. Which of the following type of microscopy would be most effective in visualizing the fine structure of viruses and cytoskeletal filaments? (A) standard light microscopy (B) phase-contrast light microscopy (C) transmission electron microscopy (D) darkfield light microscopy (E) differential-interference microscopy

5. Cell membrane molecules are labeled with a fluorescent tag and then a portion of then are bleached with a laser beam. What would one observe after the cell is incubated for a few minutes? (A) The bleached molecules would disappear into the cell. (B) The bleached molecules would diffuse laterally through the membrane and intermix with unbleached molecules. (C) The bleached molecules would remain in the spot where bleaching occurred. (D) All the bleached molecules would flip-flop across the cell membrane. (E) A11 of the choices are correct.

6. Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for the buildup of which molecule? (A) ΑΤΡ(B) lactate(C) carbon dioxide (D) pyruvic acid(E) oxygen

7. The binding (or fusion) of vesicles to target membranes requires which of the following? (A) signal recognition particle (B) proteasome (C) v-snare and t-snare interactions (D) dynamin (E) vesicle peptidase

8. Autophage provides a way for cells to (A) degrade entire organelles and recycle their components. (B) automatically control the level of ATP. (C) engulf bacterial cells. (D) export unwanted organelles out of the cell. (E) degrade unwanted proteins.

9. Which of the following reactions would require the hydrolysis of at least two ATP molecules for it to occur? (A) A reaction that has a G = -8 kCal. (B) A reaction that has a G = +9 kCal. (C) A reaction that has a G = -16 kCal. (D) A reaction that has a G = +18 kCal. (E) A reaction that has a G = -14.6 kCal.

10. Which of the following statements about steroid receptors is FALSE? (A) The receptors undergo a conformational change after binding the steroid. (B) The receptors are localized to the plasma membrane. (C) Once the steroid binds the receptor, the steroid/receptor complexes dimerize. (D) Steroid receptors act as transcriptional factors, regulating the expression of certain genes and the subsequent production of proteins. (E) Steroid receptors are localized to either the cytoplasm or nucleus.

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