21. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of 5-fluorouracil?
(A) competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase,
(B) non-competitive inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase,
(C) competitive inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase,
(D) suicide substrate for thymidylate synthase,
(E) none of the above.

1.Secondary and higher orders of structure are determined by all EXCEPT: (A) hydrophobic interactions, (B) ionic bonds, (C) peptide bonds, (D) hydrogen bonds, (E) van der Waals forces.

2. Tertiary structure is defined as: (A) the folding of a single polypeptide chain in three-dimensional space, (B) the sequence of amino acids, (C) hydrogen bonding interactions between adjacent amino acid residues into helical or pleated segments, (D) the way in which separate folded monomeric protein subunits associate to form oligomeric proteins, (E) all are true.

3. A protein contains two short polypeptide chains linked by three interstrand disulfide bonds. The most logical order to perform sequencing of this protein would be: a: The peptides are reduced with mercaptoethanol. b: The peptides are sequenced using Edman chemistry. c: The peptides are separated by chromatography techniques. d: The peptides are alkylated with iodoacetamide. (A) c, a, d, b, (B) c, d, b, c, (C) a, b, c, d, (D) a, c, d, b, (E) a, d, c, b.

4.__________is specific in hydrolyzing peptide bonds where the carboxyl function is contributed by a lysine or an arginine residue. (A) CNBr, (B) carboxypcptidase, (C) trypsin, (D) chymotrypsin, (E) none of the above.

5. A protein's particular conformation is described below EXCEPT: (A) the overall three-dimensional structure of the protein, (B) achieved by breaking and reforming hydrogen bonds, (C) achieved by rotations about each single bond along the peptide backbone, (D) the result of amino acid side-chain interactions, (E) none, all are true.

6. NADPH generally can be obtained from (A) glycolysis, (B) TCA cycle, (C) pentose phosphate pathway, (D) fatty acid oxidation, (E) gluconeogenesis.

7. Cytochrome c oxidase is NOT able to inhibit by (A) cyanide, (B) quercetin, (C) sodium azide, (D) carbon monoxide, (E) sulfide.

8. The active site of oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II contains a metal cluster that consists of__________ manganese ions. (A)1, (B) 2, (C) 4, (D) 5, (E) 6.

9. Chromatin is about__________DNA/__________protein by weight (A) 70%, 30%, (B) 60%, 40%, (C) 50%, 50%, (D) 40% , 60% (E)30% ,70%

10. What would be the 7-residue primer used to amplify: 5'-ATTACATAGCATAAGGCAT-3' (A) 5'-TAGCTGC-3' (B) 5'-AAGCCTT-3' (C) 5'-UAGCUGC-3' (D) 5'-ATGCCUU-3' (E) 5'-TGCGATG-3'

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