22.  ______is a mechanism that drives the preferential selection of immunoglobulins with the highest affinity for antigen.
(A) Gene rearrangement
(B) Isotype-switching
(C) Affinity maturation
(D) Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(E) Apoptosis.

1. Which of the following T-helper 2 cytokines are related to alternatively activated M2 macrophages? (A) Lipopolysaccharides, interleukin 12 (B) Interferon-alpha, interleukin 23 (C) Interleukin 4, interleukin 13 (D) Interleukin 12, interleukin 23 (E) Interferon-gamma, interleukin 18

2. Which of the following is an immune checkpoint receptor on T cells that inhibits the CD8+ T-cell response? (A) Cluster of differentiation 3 (B) Major histocompatibility complex class I (C) Programmed death-ligand 1 (D) Major histocompatibility complex class II (E) Programmed cell death protein 1

3. Which of the following is the best description for single positive T cells? (A) Mature T helper or cytotoxic T cells. (B) Only in the thymus. (C) Ready to undergo positive selection. (D) They divide rapidly before leaving the thymus. (E) Undergo apoptosis if they leave the thymus and encounter foreign antigens.

4. Which of the following is a major difference between B-cell receptors (BCR) and T-cell receptors (TCR)? (A) TCRs are highly specific. (B) TCRs are part of the adaptive immune system, while BCRs are part of the innate immune system. (C) BCRs are highly specific. (D) TCRs can be found on the cell surface. (E) B-cell receptors can be secreted.

5. Which of the following description regarding the rearrangement of both TCR and BCR gene segments is NOT correct? (A) Generate diversity of antigen binding by recombination of a large pool of germline V, D, and J segments. (B) Lead to CDR3 being the most hypervariable region in the receptor chains. (C) Require RAG-1 and RAG-2 (D) Require TdT (E) Result in isotype switching after antigen stimulation of the mature lymphocytes

6.Which amino acid sequences in lymphocyte signal transduction complexes are phospho following antigen binding? (A) ITAMs (B) ITIMs (C) MAPs (D) Syks (E) PTKs

7. Which of the following molecule is responsible for the generation of DAG and IP3 from PIP2? (A) Adaptor protein. (B) Phospholipase C (C) TdT (D) small G protein. (E) Protein kinase C

8. Which of the following types of hypersensitivity reactions is IgE mediated? (A) Type I (B) Type V (C) Type IV (D) Type II (E) Type III

9. Which receptor binds to immunoglobulin E and mediates mast cell degranulation in type I bypersensitivity reactions? (A) Fc epsilon RI (FceRI (B) Complement receptor (C) Cluster of differentiation 5a (D) Peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) (E) T-cell antigen receptors

10. Which of the following cell activation sequences most accurately represents sensitization in type 1 hypersensitivity reaction? (A) B cells stimulate cytotoxic T cells to activate T helper 1 cells. (B) T helper 1 cells stimulate T helper 2 cells to activate class switching of B cells. (C) Dendritic cells stimulate T helper 2 cells to activate class switching of B cells. (D) Dendritic cells stimulate T helper 1 cells which activate cytotoxic T cells. (E) cytotoxic T cells stimulate T helper 2 cells to activate class switching of B cells.

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