22. Which opioid described below belong to “full agonist”?
(A) buprenorphine
(B) fentanyl
(C) nalbuphine
(D) butorphanol
(E) naltrexone .

18. Which patient with complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS) is most likely to have the worst outcome? (A) Patient who had a fracture leading to CRPS (B) Patient who had a nerve injury in the lower extremity with warm CRPS (C) Patient who had a nerve injury in the upper extremity with cold CRPS (D) Patient who had a nerve injury in the upper extremity with warm CRPS (E) Patient who has depression disorder

19. Which of the following is true of typical trigeminal neuralgia? (A) It is associated with masseter muscle weakness. (B) It is characterized by episodic bursts of bilateral, severe, lancinating pain lasting 30-60 minutes. (C) There is an absence of sensory deficits. (D) Tricyclic antidepressants are considered first-line therapy. (E) It is associated with visual changes.

20. Which of the following statements about central post-stroke pain (CPSP) is FALSE? (A) The most common form of chronic pain after stroke is musculoskeletal pain and its ratio is estimated to be 40%. (B) Most of the CPSP develops with brain stem infarctions. (C) The lesion responsible for pain in CPSP is actually located in the contralateral thalamus. (D) The recommendations for the first-line treatment of central pain are as follows: pregabalin (150–600 mg/day), gabapentin (1200–3600 mg/day), and tricyclic antidepressant (25–150 mg/day). (E) Contraindications to treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, particularly in the elderly, include patients with cardiac conduction abnormalities, congestive heart failure, and convulsive disorders.

21. Which of the following statements about peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) is FALSE? (A) The most commonly described spontaneous symptoms of PNP are deep aching in the extremities and a superficial burning, stinging, or prickling pain. (B) The incidence of ongoing pain at rest is high in patients with PNP. (C) The incidence of joint hyperalgesia is high (around 50%) in patients with PNP. (D) The incidence of edema is low in patients with PNP. (E) The incidence of sympathetically maintained pain is low in patients with PNP.

23. Pain is a frequent consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI). Which of the following statement is least likely: (A) Below-level neuropathic pain is most likely described as severe or excruciating months or years following initial injury. (B) Damage to the spinothalamic tracts is an important ingredient in the development of neuropathic pain following SCI. (C) Chronic musculoskeletal pain is common in tetraplegic patients after SCI. (D) Patients with cervical SCI are at risk of developing CRPS affecting upper limbs. (E) Below-level neuropathic pain is also referred to deafferentation pain.

24. About diagnostic nerve blocks, which one of following statements is wrong? (A) May help in locating the origin of pain. (B) Pain originating from malfunctioning CNS pain modulation may also be relieved by a peripheral nerve block. (C) Repeated diagnostic blocks are mandatory before any attempted chemical or physical denervation. (D) Are reliable as prognostic aids for neurolytic procedures. (E) Pain relief from a saline block does not indicate a psychogenic pain or malingered pain.

25. About the failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), which one of the following procedure may be the last to be considered due to possible poor response? (A) caudal steroids injection (B) epidural adhesive lysis (C) spinal cord stimulation (D) radiofrequency denervation (E) lumbar sympathetic block

26. Effects on postoperative morbidity of regional anaesthetic or analgesic techniques compared with those of general anaesthesia and systemic postoperative analgesics may reduce the following complications, except: (A) pulmonary embloism (B) myocardial complications (C) pulmonary infectious complications (D) cerebral complications (E) other thromboembloic complications

27. Which of the following statement concerning painful polyneuropathies with prevalent loss of small fibres is most likely: (A) Chronic renal failure neuropathy. (B) Diabetes mellitus neuropathy. (C) Alcoholic neuropathy. (D) Myeloma neuropathy.. (E) soniazid neuropathy.

28. 關於疼痛臨床研究與止痛方式的統計，下列何者正確？ (A) 一般而言，某種止痛方式的 number need to treat 介於 8-12 之間，表示該方式是有效的 (B) 統計結果 Number need to treat 數值愈大，表示該止痛方式效果越好 (C) 統計結果 Number need to harm 不適合用以表達副作用或併發症的的發生率. (D) 比較不同止痛方式的效果時，病人自控式止痛的嗎啡用量是很好的指標，比 pain score 更為客觀. (E) 以上皆不正確.