23 (A) The topics are not necessarily discussed very deeply. (B) Men are said to talk less about sadness with their friends. (C) Information-related talk, on the other hand, refers to speech aimed at transferring information on a particular topic. (D) The most important point about information-related talk is getting the message across and confirming that the listeners have understood it.

8 Around one thousand years ago, undoubtedly the warming climate and absence of new epidemics paved the way for an increase in individual rights, economic freedom, and living standards. (A) It is no doubt that warm weather and a number of infectious diseases in the 11th century contributed greatly to the increased human rights, free economy, and high quality of life. (B) Had it not been for the tepid weather and increasing new pandemic diseases in the 11th century, people would not have enjoyed more individual rights, economic freedom, and living standards. (C) Warm weather and new diseases contributed little to the fact that people in the 11th century enjoyed more human rights, freedom, and a better quality of life. (D) Unquestionably, people in the 11th century enjoyed more human rights, economic freedom, and a better quality of life than before due to the higher temperature and lack of new plagues.

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