23. In bacterial cell walls
(A) polysaccharides form nonspecific mixtures with proteins
(B) polysaccharides are hydrogen bonded together
(C) peptides form crosslinks between polysaccharides
(D) oligosaccharides form crosslinks between proteins

1. Which one of the following protein structural motif is known to be involved in protein-protein interaction? (A) RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger domain (B) Ankyrin repeat (C) Helix-loop-helix (D) Zinc finger

2. Which of the following techniques is primarily undertaken to detect COVID-19? (A) RT-9PCR (B) Microarrays (C) CRISPR (D) RNA-seq

3. By adding SDS (sodium dodecyI sulfate) during the electrophoresis of proteins, it is possible to: (A) determine a protein's isoelectric point. (B) dctermine an enzyme's specific activity. (C) determine the amino acid composition of the protein. (D) separate proteins exclusively on the basis of molecular weight.

4. The PCR reaction mixture does not include: (A) all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates. (B) DNA ligase. (C) heat-stable DNA polymerase. (D) oligonucleotide primers.

5. Regarding insulin in of fuel metabolism, which of the following is false? (A) Insulin signals the fed state. (B) Insulin promotes uptake of fuel substrates. (C) Insulin promotes storage of fuels. (D) Insulin promotes gluconcogenesis in liver.

6. In the citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA reacts with ______ to produce______(A)fumarate； a-ketoglutarate (B) oxaloacetate； citrate (C) citrate； isocitrate (D) succinyl-CoA； oxaloacetate

7. Which of the following reactions is commonly used to replenish intermediates of the citric acid cycle? (A) citrate→ oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA (B) oxaloacetate→＞ aspartate (C) glutamate →＞ a-ketoglutarate (D) malate ＞ pyruvate

8. What is the source of acetyl-CoA for the glyoxylate cycle? (A) fatty acids (B) pyruvate (C) amino acids (D) cholesterol

9. During exercise, which of the following is not likely to happen in muscle cells? (A) LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) is increased and lactate fermentation takes place (B) IDH (Isocitrate dehydrogenase) is activated by ADP and TCA cycle increases (C) PDH (Pyruvate dehydrogenase) phosphatase is activated by Ca't and TCA cycle increases (D) PDH (Pyruvate dehydrogenase) kinase is activated by ATP and TCA cycle increases

10. In the electron transport chain of mammalian cells, what is the electron donor generated from TCA cycle, and the final electron acceptor? (A) NADPH, Pyruvate (B) NADPH, O2 (C) NADH, O2 (D) FADH2, Cytochrome C

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