24. Which of the following is recognized by the innate immune system and triggers an immune response that will produce antiviral cytokines and trigger effector molecules
(A)Complement
(B)IgA
(C)IL-2
(D)PAMPs

1. The disulfide bond is a covalent linkage formed between two cysteine residues in proximity under an oxidative environment. In eukaryotic cells, disulfide bonds can be formed only in:(A)The cytosol;(B)Endoplasmic reticulum;(C)Endosomes;(D)Mitochondria.

2. Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death. Which of the following is NOT the feature of ferroptosis:(A)Caspase activation;(B)Increased oxidative stress;(C)Iron-dependent;(D)Inhibition of cystine/glutamate transporter.

3. All of the following molecular features are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells EXCEPT:(A)DNA double helix;(B)Microtubules;(C)Lipid bilayer-based biomembranes;(D)Potassium channels.

4. Which of the following nucleotide sequence is likely a recognition site of a restriction enzyme?(A)GCTACG;(B)ATGCTA;(C)CTCGTG;(D)AGATCT.

5. Collagen is an essential component of the extracellular matrix. A deficiency in which of the following nutrient will disable collagen biogenesis:(A)Vitamin A;(B)Vitamin B;(C)Vitamin C;(D)Vitamin D.

6. Which of the following amino acid is vital for suppling α-ketoglutarate to keep the flow of the TCA cycle?(A)E(B)A(C)S(D)Y

7. Eucaryotic cells uptake cholesterol buried in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by a cellular process known as receptor-mediated endocytosis. A defect in which of the following molecule might inhibit a eukaryotic cell with normal LDL receptor to uptake LDL:(A)Caveolae;(B)Dynamin;(C)SAR1;(D)Transferrin.

8. Which of the following conditions can fully turn on the Lac operon in Escherichia coli?(A)Low glucose and lactose levels;(B)Low glucose but high lactose levels;(C)High glucose and lactose levels;(D)Low cAMP and high glucose levels.

9. Your Biology teacher gives you two human cell lines, A and B, which are in G₀ and G₁ phases of the cell cycle, respectively. Which of the following cellular event is true if these two cell lines are stimulated with growth factors to pass the restriction point?(A)Only the G₀ cell will replicate its DNA;(B)Only the G₁ cell will replicate its DNA;(C)Both cells will replicate their DNA;(D)Neither of the cells will replicate their DNA.

10. How many ATP (and GTP) molecules can be generated from the complete oxidation of one molecule of acetyl CoA through the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrion?(A)10;(B)12;(C)13.5;(D)14.5;(E)15.

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