25. One turn of the citric acid cycle produces
(A) 2 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP.
(B) 3 NADH, 2 FADH2, 1 ATP.
(C) 1 NADH, 3 FADH2, 2 ATP.
(D) 3 NADH, 3 FADH2, 1 ATP.
(E) 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

1. Approximately what fraction of the human genome are transposable elements? (A) 1.5% (B) 5% (C) 10% (D) 45% (E) 80%

2. It is correct to say that DNA supercoiling cannot: (A) be induced by strand separation. (B) be induced by underwinding of the double helix. (C) form if there is Z-DNA structure present. (D) occur if a closed-circular, double-stranded DNA molecule has a nick. (E) result in compaction of the DNA structure.

3. Which of the following is not required for initiation of DNA replication in (E) coli? (A) DnaB (helicase) (B) DnaG (primase) (C) Dam methylase (D) DNA ligase (E) None of the above

4. In base-excision repair, the first enzyme to act is: (A) AP endonuclease. (B) Dam methylase. (C) DNA glycosylase. (D) DNA ligase. (E) DNA polymerase.

5. The ABC excinuclease is essential in: (A) base-excision repair. (B) methyl-directed repair. (C) mismatch repair. (D) SOS repair. (E) nucleotide-excision repair.

6. Which of the following statements regarding plasmid cloning vectors is correct? (A) Circular plasmids do not require an origin of replication to be propagated in (E) coli. (B) The copy number of plasmids may vary from a few to several hundred. (C) Foreign DNA fragments up to 45,000 base pairs can be cloned in a typical plasmid. (D) Plasmids do not need to contain genes that confer resistance to antibiotics. (E) Plasmid vectors must carry promoters for inserted gene fragments.

7. Which of the following information can be determined from the protein sequencer in a purified protein sample? (A) amino acid contents (B) amino acid sequence (C) amounts of amino acids (D) mean residue weight (E) protein concentration

8. The major conformation of hair protein belongs to (A) α-helix (B) β-sheet (C) random coils (D) β-turn (E) none of the above

9. The formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids is a/an _____ reaction (A) group transfer (B) isomerization (C) condensation (D) oxidation reduction (E) cleavage

10. The proteins from the tumor and normal cells can be compared using (A) RNA interference (B) In situ hybridization (C) cDNA microarrays (D) two dimensional gel electrophoresis (E) Northern blotting

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