25. The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because
(A) stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism.
(B) lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.
(C) stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make.
(D) the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.
(E) stem cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.

1. Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls? (A) arterioles (B) capillaries (C) venules(D) arteries (E)veins

2. Which of the following is a function of the excretory system? (A) blood maintenance (B) detoxification (C) maintenance of water balance (D) elimination of undigested foods (E) production of urea

3.Key derived characters of sharks and rays include their (A) ability to filter material from the water. (B) vertebrae. (C) calcified (hard) bones. (D) jaws and swim bladder. (E) jaws and paired fins.

4. Which of the following statements regarding vitamins is true? (A) They are simple inorganic compounds. (B) They lower the activation energy required for biochemical reactions. (C) They must be ingested in large quantities. (D) They are major sources of dietary calories. (E) They can serve as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes.

5. Enhancers are (A) the site on DNA to which activators bind. (B) adjacent to the gene that they regulate. (C) the products of transcription factors. (D) required to turn on gene expression when transcription factors are in short supply. (E) required to facilitate the binding of DNA polymerases.

6. Fertilization (A) joins two haploid sets of chromosomes and activates development in the egg. (B) joins two diploid sets of chromosomes. (C) joins two diploid sets of chromosomes and activates development in the egg. (D) activates development in the egg. (E) joins two haploid sets of chromosomes.

7.The hormone prolactin, found in distantly related vertebrates, exerts different effects in different species. From an evolutionary standpoint, this is an indication that hormonal regulation (A) is an ancient process whose function diversified through evolution. (B) was a recent evolutionary adaptation. (C) is required only of nonsteroid hormones. (D) is not critical to all animals. (E) was not required in fish and amphibians.

8. Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their (A) nucleotide sequence. (B) size. (C) ability to bind to mRNA. (D) solubility in water. (E) solubility in the gel.

9.Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false? (A) Each pyruvate loses a carbon atom, which is released as CO2. (B) Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH. (C) Two molecules of pyruvate are each converted into two-carbon molecules joined to a coenzyme A molecule. (D) Two pyruvate molecules together contain less chemical energy than was found in the original glucose molecule. (E) The pyruvate molecules are oxidized and two NAD+ are reduced.

10. Which of the following is considered a likely explanation for the events ofthe Cambrian explosion? (A) Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels led to a mass extinction event. (B) A great surge of volcanic activity was triggered by significant movements of the continental plates and possibly by an asteroid impact. (C) Complex predator-prey relationships and increased atmospheric oxygen levels promoted animal diversification. (D) The massive growth of swamp vegetation depleted the atmosphere's carbon dioxide and eventually cooled the Earth's climate. (E) Solar flares led to increased UV radiation intensity, which in turn promoted a high rate of mutation. This led to rapid diversification of animals.

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