3 有關新生兒的臉孔注視偏好，下列敘述何者最正確？
(A)對五官在正常位置或移動到不同位置的臉孔沒有偏好
(B)對自己種族和其他不同種族的臉孔沒有偏好
(C)對不同表情的臉孔沒有注視偏好
(D)對母親與其他陌生女人的臉孔沒有偏好

參考來源：
Berk, L., 2013. Child development. 9th ed. Boston: Pearson.
Ch4.Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities,
Perceptual Development in Infancy --Vision --Face Perception, p163-164.
擷取部分內文：
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選項A

Newborns prefer to look at photos and simplified drawings of faces with 

features arranged naturally (upright) rather than unnaturally (upside down or sideways)

(see Figure 4.16a and b on page 164) (Cassia, Turati, & Simion, 2004; Mondloch et al., 1999). 

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選項B

Furthermore, 3- to 6-month-olds exposed mostly to members of their own race

prefer to look at  the faces of members of that race and more easily detect differences

among those faces (BarHaim et al., 2006; Kelly et al., 2007a, 2007b).

This own-race face preference is absent in babies who have frequent contact with members

of other races, and it can be reversed through exposure to racial diversity (Sangrigoli et al., 2005).

註：原本有偏好主要是因為經驗的影響，這個影響隨時間減弱到沒有差異( perceptual narrowing)
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選項C

At 5 months—and strengthening over the second half-year—infants perceive emotional

expressions as organized wholes. They treat positive faces (happy or surprised) as different

from negative ones (sad or fearful) (Bornstein & Arterberry, 2003; Ludemann, 1991).

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選項D

Around 2 months, when they can scan an entire stimulus and combine pattern elements

into an organized whole, they recognize and prefer their mother's detailed facial features 

to those of another woman (Bartrip, Morton, & de Schonen, 2001).
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相關考題也出在106-2臨床心理基礎(花東考區補辦)12