3. To avoid double counting in the calculation of GDP, which types of goods are typically excluded from the calculation?
(A) intermediate goods
(B) capital goods
(C) inventory goods
(D) nonmarket goods

99. 關於頭部外傷病人顱內壓上升（Increased Intracranial Pressure，IICP） ，下列 敘述何者錯誤？ (A)顱內壓大於 20mmHg 會增加死亡率。 (B)若發生鉤回疝脫（Uncal transtentorial herniation） ，可能會造成病人同 側瞳孔擴張及對側肢體無力。 (C)建議維持 PaCO2 在 25~30 mmHg，PaCO2 太低可能造成腦部缺血。 (D)病人床頭抬高 30 度可促進腦脊髓液流出顱內，藉此降低腦壓。 (E)Mannitol 除了可降低腦壓外，也可幫助清除自由基（free radical）。

100. 關於壓碎傷害（crush injury），下列敘述何者錯誤？ (A)可能會造成傷害部位的 compartment syndrome，通常腔室壓力大於 30 mmHg。 (B)可能會造成傷患出現低血容、高血鉀、高血鈣、酸血症。 (C)可能會造成傷患出現 disseminated intravascular coagulation、腎功能衰 竭嚴重併發症。 (D)被脫困前可先給予 1~2 L 生理食鹽水及 bicarbonate 治療。 (E)傷患可能接受筋膜切開術（fasciotomy）或高壓氧（hyperbaric oxygen） 治療。

1. The reason only newly produced goods and services are counted in GDP is that ________. (A) it is very difficult to impute a value to used goods (B) most expenditures on used goods and services take place outside the market (C) it does not help economists make better economic predictions because second-hand goods rarely have any residual value (D) it allows economists to avoid double counting the production of goods and services

2. Many borrowers defaulted on subprime mortgages ultimately disrupting financial markets by August 2007. Which of the following is a likely result of this increase in financial frictions? (A) The AD curve likely shifted left which caused a positive inflation gap. (B) The AD curve likely shifted right which caused a positive inflation gap. (C) The AD curve likely shifted left which caused an upward movement along the MP curve to a higher general equilibrium interest rate. (D) none of the above

4. In a country with unusually high tax rates, one might expect that ________. (A) GDP might be overstated because the government might avoid running surpluses (B) GDP might be understated because its citizens might avoid reporting some of their income (C) GDP might be overstated because the government might raise its outlays (D) GDP might be understated because its citizens might flee the country

5. Using the Cobb-Douglas production function, while holding other inputs constant, if the amount of a specific factor is increasing ________. (A) the increased amount of output from an extra unit of input declines (B) the increased amount of output from an extra unit of input increases (C) that factor's share of output is declining (D) that factor's share of output is increasing  

6. Based on the table 1 "Real and Nominal GDP," if year one is the base year, then the real GDP in year two, is ________. (A) 5000 (B) 5250 (C) 5900 (D) 6175

7. A technology shock could have a different impact than a natural catastrophe because ________. (A) the former would likely lower TFP and the latter raise labor productivity (B) the former would likely lower output and the latter raise production (C) the former would likely raise output and the latter would raise TFP (D) the former would likely raise TFP and the latter would curtail production

8. In the long run, larger budget deficits lead to ________. (A) higher saving levels (B) a fall in investment (C) lower interest rates (D) all of the above

9. When the Fed buys government securities in the open market, the money supply ________ because ________. (A) decreases； banks lose liquidity, they make fewer loans and checking account deposits decrease (B) increases； banks gain liquidity, they make more loans and checking account deposits increase (C) increases； banks lose liquidity, they make more loans and checking account deposits increase (D) decreases； banks gain liquidity, they make fewer loans and checking account deposits decrease