32. Phonemic Awareness (PA) refers to the ability to focus on and manipulate phonemes in spoken words and several tasks are used to teach and to assess children’s PA. One of it requires breaking a word into its sounds by positioning a marker for each sound, for example, “How many phonemes in ship?” (3: /š/ /I/ /p/). The task is called _______.
(A) phoneme isolation
(B) phoneme identity
(C) phoneme categorization
(D) phoneme segmentation

(A) phoneme isolation 辨識單詞裡的單音 （首音、中音、尾音）

Phoneme isolation is the ability to identify where a sound appears in a word, or to identify what sound appears in a given position in a word. This is a very important step in the development of literacy, as well as general language development.

Children who have mastered this level of phonemic awareness can accurately answer questions like "Does the /p/ sound come at the beginning, middle, or end of the word tap?"

 A child adept at phoneme isolation will also answer correctly if you phrase the question as "What sound comes at the end of the word tap?" At advanced levels, they will be able to do this with longer words as well as words with just one syllable.

(B) phoneme identity 音素辨識

In this activity, children learn to recognize the same sounds in different words. (Teacher: What sound is the same in fix, fall, and fun? Children: The first sound, /f/, is the same.)

(C) phoneme categorization 音素分類 （首音，中音，尾音）

按照首音、中音、尾音分類，例如他們聽了下面三個字，能聽得出cat 和 car的首音是一樣的。

– cat，car，bar

下面是押韻的遊戲，例如「cat」和「rat」的尾音一樣，所以拼在一起。

(D) phoneme segmentation是音段，簡單的說就是音節的意思。分辨單詞的音素

– sat → /s/ /a/ /t/