32. Xerophytes have evolutionary adaptations that reduce transpiration. Which of the following is not the adaptation?
(A) multiple-layered epidermis
(B) thick cuticle
(C) stomata concentrated on the lower leaf surface
(D) trichome concentrated on the upper dermal tissue
(E) fix CO₂ as CAM pathway

22. Which of the following is an explanation of why a single gene may code for more than one polypeptide? (A) protein degradation (B) alternative RNA splicing (C) genetic differentiation (D) addition of 5’-caps and poly( A ) tails (E) signal peptides target to polypeptides

23. The dominant stage of mosses is the (A) sporophyte. (B) gametophyte. (C) pollen. (D) ovule. (E) none of the above

24. The male gametophyte of a conifer is represented by which of the following? (A) sperm (B) spore (C) pollen tube (D) pollen grain (E) none of the above

25. When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? (A) the degree of evolutionary divergence. (B) analogous primitive characters. (C) shared primitive characters. (D) overall phenotypic similarity. (E) shared derived characters.

26. Which of these prokaryotes are most likely to be found in the immediate vicinity of active deep-sea vents? (A) aerobically respiring bacteria (B) bacteria adapted to being embedded in ice (C) archaea (D) N2-fixing root nodule bacteria (E) cyanobacteria

27. What are the most abundant and diverse vertebrates? (A) birds (B) mammals (C) reptiles (D) bony fishes (E) amphibians

28. Which of the following are the only modern animals that may have descended directly from dinosaurs? (A) birds (B) lizards (C) snakes (D) crocodiles (E) mammals

29. The smallest biological unit that can evolve over time is (A) a population. (B) a cell. (C) an ecosystem. (D) a community. (E) an individual organism.

30. Which of the following statements about “community” is incorrect? (A) Community is the biotic section of an ecosystem. (B) A community can be defined as any assemblage of populations in an area. (C) A botanist may use ‘plant community’ to describe the composition of plant species in a specific habitat. (D) Community ecology emphasizes the interactions between different species. (E) Community functions as an integrated unit.

 31. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function? (A) xylem-a kind of vascular tissue that transports water and minerals (B) phloem-a kind of vascular tissue that transports sugar (C) periderm-protective coat of woody stems and roots (D) pericycle-waterproof ring of cells surrounding central stele in roots (E) fiber-a kind of sclerenchyma cell with secondary walls

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