36. Translation takes place at which part of the cell?
(A) Nucleus
(B) Mitochondria
(C) Ribosome
(D) Cytosol

32. Amino acids differ from one another by the _____ that are present. (A) Amino group (B) R group (C) Core group (D) Carboxyl group

33. Which of these processes are coupled (linked) in prokaryotes but NOT in eukaryotes? (A) transcription and translation (B) replication and transcription (C) replication and translation (D) replication, transcription, and translation are not separate in prokaryotes

34. RNA molecules that can act as enzymes and catalyze specific biochemical reactions are known as (A) donors (B) splice acceptors (C) ribozymes (D) tRNAS

35. Which of the following is a form of RNA editing? 1. The polyadenylation of the pre-mRNA sequence. 2. The changing of the structures of individual bases 3. The insertion or deletion of uridine monophosphate residues (A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 1 and 3 (D) 2 and 3

37. The isolation of conditional cell cycle mutations in yeast helped identify many of the key proteins involved in cell cycle control. Many of these mutations were given the name cdc (cell division cycle) and are temperature sensitive. A cdc temperature sensitive mutant will: (A) grow normally at the permissive temperature and arrest at a specific phase in the cell cycle at non-permissive temperature.  (B) grow normally at non-permissive temperature and arrest at a specific phase in the cell cycle at permissive temperatures.  (C) grow slower at permissive temperature and speed up through the cell cycle at non-permissive temperatures. (D) grow normally at permissive temperature and have an extended period of time in G1 of the cell cycle at non-permissive temperatures.

38. In addition to Cdk1, mitosis is controlled by other kinases including polo-like kinases (PLKs). PLKs participate in mitosis by being recruited to the mitotic spindle and activated by: (A) direct phosphorylation of PLKs by Cdk1. (B) autophosphoylation. (C) binding to a phosphorylated consensus sequence called polo boxes. (D) binding to phosphorylated Cdk1.

39. The eukaryotic transcription factor CREB is active when it is phosphorylated and it binds cAMP response elements (CREs) in the promoters of genes, activating transcription. The mechanism of transcription activation is best described by the following statements. (A) CREB binds the CREs and recruits a complex of proteins that acetylates histones in nucleosomes at the promoter; thereby displacing nucleosomes and facilitating the assembly of basal transcription factors on the promoter. (B) CREB binds the CREs and recruits nucleosome assembly proteins that increase the amount of DNA assembled into nucleosomes in the promotere; thereby increasing the rate of basal transcription factor binding. (C) CREB binds to the CREs and prevents the repressor form binding; thereby increasing the rate of basal transcription factor binding. (D) CREB binds the CREs and directly recruits the basal transcription factors to bind the promoter.

40. What is aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase? (A) The protein that adds amino acids to the growing peptide chain. (B) The protein that recruits the initiator tRNA. (C) The protein that matches the anti-codon of the tRNA and the codon of the mRNA. (D) The protein that adds the appropriate amino acid to the tRNA, matching anti-codon to amino acid. II. Essay questions (20%): Please answer the following question as sufficient as you can.

1. Common lesion found in DNA after exposure to ultraviolet light are not able to be repaired by (A) Nucleotide excision repair system (B) Recombinational repair system (C) DNA photolyase (D) Base excision repair system (E) Alkyltransferase

2.Which of the following types of bonds or interaction are likely to be involved in stabilizing the three-dimensional folding of most proteins (A) Electrostatic bonds (B) Phosphodiester bonds (C) Ester bonds (D) Peptide bonds (E) None