37. Animals that lack a vertebral column are known as________.
(A)invertebrates
(B) inarticulates
(C) supinates
(D)aspinates
(E)retrogrades

33. Sister chromatids separate during _________. (A)metaphase of meiosis I (B) metaphase of meiosis II (C) prophase of meiosis I (D)prometaphase of meiosis I (E)anaphase of meiosis II

34. What enzyme does the lacZ gene encode? (A)DNase. (B) Carbonic anhydrase. (C) β-galactosidase. (D)Glucose dehydrogenase. (E)Succinate dehydrogenase.

35. Which one of the following is the best statement about genomic library and cDNA library? (A)A cDNA library is derived from mRNA by using reverse transcriptase. (B) A genomic library is derived from mRNA by using reverse transcriptase. (C) The number of DNA fragment in genomic library is the same to cDNA library. (D)One DNA sequence can generate one cDNA. (E)Most of DNA sequences from cDNA library are longer than that from genomic library.

36. The Hardy-Weinberg equation stats that p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1; the genotype frequency of heterozygotes is represented by _____. (A)q 2 (B) p 2 (C) 2pq (D)2pq+ p 2 (E)p 2 +q2

38. Which one of the following hormones are not derived from cholesterol? (A)Testosterone. (B) Melatonin. (C) Cortisol. (D)Estradiol. (E)Aldosterone.

39. ________ is a water-soluble hormone derived from the nervous system that regulates blood volume and blood pressure? (A)Cortisol (B) Oxytocin (C) Aldosterone (D)Antidiuretic hormone (E)Adrenocorticotropic hormone

40. Which of the following correctly describes the path of urine from formation to excretion in the mammalian kidney? (A)collecting duct → ureter →  urinary bladder →  renal pelvis→  urethra (B) renal pelvis →  ureter →  urinary bladder →  urethra→ collecting duct (C) ureter →  collecting duct →  renal pelvis → urinary bladder → urethra (D)collecting duct→  renal pelvis→  ureter → urinary bladder →  urethra (E)urethra→ collecting duct→  renal pelvis → ureter →  urinary bladder

41. The major respiratory centers that control ventilation of the lungs in mammals are located in the______. (A)neck (B) hypothalamus (C) bronchi (D)cerebral cortex (E)brainstem

42. The change in the concentration of _______ is the major factor that affects the breathing control centers. (A)hemoglobin (B) hydrogen ions (C) bicarbonate ions (D)carbon dioxide (E)oxygen

43. In vertebrates with four-chambered hearts, the ____ receives oxygenated blood directly from the _____. (A)left atrium, left ventricle (B) left ventricle, lungs (C) left ventricle, left atrium (D)right ventricle, lungs (E)right ventricle, right atrium