37Top-down processing is based on the knowledge of____________.
(A)grammar
(B)situational routines
(C)sounds
(D)vocabulary

16 Which of the following is defined as the smallest unit of a word? (A)A letter. (B)A phone. (C)A phoneme. (D)A morpheme.

17 “Salt” is statistically more likely to flow, within two words, by “pepper” than by “sauce”, “cardboard” or “brontosaurus”; “coffee” often appears with “hot” or “strong”. Such type of binomials is an example of _________. (A)idioms (B)compound words (C)collocations (D)noun phrases

18 Children initially deploy the speech of others in order to communicate with others in their sociocultural environment. This social speech goes underground as inner speech, first passing through a stage of ________. (A)holophrastic speech (B)two-word speech (C)telegraphic speech (D)egocentric speech

19 Children use the word “apple” to refer to similar round objects such as ball and tomatoes but are able to correctly pick out the apple from a collection of such items. This phenomenon is called ______ to describe children generalization of the meaning of a word beyond the sense in the adult language. (A)underextension (B)overextension (C)conventionality (D)extendibility

20Speakers of any dialect of English who reside for a long periods of time in a region where a different dialect is spoken normally converge themselves to the speech; upon returning to their home region, they converge back to their native dialect. This is called _________. (A)speech accommodation (B)cooperative principles (C)language shifting (D)code switching

21 The structural intuitions which native speakers have about the syntax of their language are of two types, namely (i) intuitions about how sound-sequences in sentences are structured into successively larger structural units which we call _______ and (ii) intuitions about whether particular set of structural units belong to the same _____ or not. (A)allomorphs, class (B)morphemes, level (C)constituents, category (D)nodes, genre

22 Young children initially appear to regard an entire word as if it were a single sound. However, as their vocabulary expands between 15 and 21 months of age, keeping track of a large store of independent sounds becomes very difficult for them to manage. To learn more words, children must begin to break words into smaller number of simpler units, which are sounds that can be used in different combinations to make up many other words. This feature of language can be referred to as _____________. (A)arbitrary (B)duality (C)productivity (D)culture transmission

23 Four traits constituting language aptitude are phonemic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, _________, and memory. (A) listening comprehensive ability (B) inductive language learning ability (C) syllable recognition ability (D) morphemic construction ability

24 The process of turning a message into a set of symbols, as part of the act of communication is called ____________. (A) composing (B) informing (C) encoding (D) comprehending

25 The fact that the meaning is not in any way predictable from the form, nor is the form dictated by the meaning indicates which feature of language? (A)Arbitrariness (B)Interchangeability (C)Communication (D)Creativity

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