39. A sudden increase in the concentration of_________causes the release of acetylcholine from   the axon of a nerve cell.
(A) Na⁺
(B) K⁺
(C) Ca²⁺ 
(D) Cl^- 
(E) H⁺

1. A buffer contains 0.01 mole of lactic acid (pKa = 3.86) and 0.05 mole of sodium lactate per liter. What is the pH of the buffer? (A)3.5 (B) 4.6(C) 7.4(D) 9.6 (E) 12.97

2.Which of the following statements about protein-ligand binding is correct? (A) The larger the Ka (association constant), the lower the affinity. (B) The larger the Ka, the faster is the binding. (C) The Ka is equal to the concentration of ligand when half of the binding sites are occupied. (D) The Ka is independent of conditions such as salt concentration and pH. (E) The larger the Ka, the smaller the Kd(dissociation constant).

3.Which of the following description is correct regarding carbohydrates? (A) The sizes of different carbohydrates can be ordered by oligosaccharides polysaccharides ＞ monosaccharides. (B) All the monosaccharides including F dihydroxyacetone 」 and 『 glyceraldehyde」 contain one or more isomeric forms. (C) Glycosaminogl ycans, the type of heteropolysaccharide, are a family of linear polymers composed of repeating disaccharide units. (D) The hydrogen atom of one monosaccharide can be added to anomeric carbon of a 2md monosaccharide to form an acetal. (E) None of the above.

4. At the anticodon wobble position, a given base "I (Inosine)" , a deaminated product of adenine, in tRNA can base-pair with_______ in mRNA? (A) C, A, & U (B) A & G (C) C & A(D) C & U (E) A & U

5. Given the following information:Calculate the number of moles of ATP that could be synthesized from ADP + Pi upon complete oxidation of one mole of ethanol to 2CO2 + 3H2O. Assume an efficiency of energy conservation of 44% under standard conditions. (A) 15 (B) 16 (C) 17 (D) 18(E) 19 (moles ATP/mole ethanol)

6. An allosteric interaction between a ligand and a protein is one in which: (A) two different ligands can bind to the same binding site. (B) the binding of a molecule to a binding site affects the binding properties of another site on the protein. (C) the binding of the ligand to the protein is covalent. (D) multiple molecules of the same ligand can bind to the same binding site. (E) the binding of a molecule to a binding site affects the binding of an additional molecule to the same site.

7. Which of the following cell process is NOT energized by Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules? (A) Translocation of RNA polymerase (B) Translocation of DNA polymerase (C) Rotation of viral capsid motor leading to DNA packaging (D) Transport of chromosomes during mitosis (E) Movement of Ribosome along mRNA molecules during translation.

8. For a weak acid with a pKa = 6.0, what is the ratio of conjugate base to acid at a pH of 5.0? (A) 0.01 (B) 0.05 (C) 0.1 (D) 0.2 (E) 0.4

9. Please order the following procedures for the cholesterol biosynthesis in animals. I. Activation of isoprene unitsⅡ. Formation of four rings of the steroid nucleus III. Condensation of acetate units to form mevalonate . IV. Formation the 30-carbon linear squalene (A) III→I→Ⅳ→Ⅱ(B)III→Ⅱ→Ⅳ→ I(C)Ⅱ→III→I→Ⅳ (D)I→Ⅱ→III→Ⅳ (E)Ⅳ→II→I→III

10. Which of following description regarding the DNA replication is correct? (A) DNA replication occurs with very high fidelity and at a designated time in the cell cycle. (B) DNA replication is carried out in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination. (C) The DNA replication starts at a single origin in bacteria and usually proceeds bi- directionally. (D) DNA is synthesized in the 5'→ 3' direction by DNA polymerases. (E) All of the above.

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