4. What is the total phenotypic variance for a wheat population if the environmental variance is 12.3 days and the genetic variance is 3.7 days²?
(A) 12.3 days²
(B) 3.7 days²
(C) 16.0 days²
(D) 45.5 days²

ⅡⅡ. Multiple Choice: Choose one best answer from the options (3 points each) 1. Hershey and Chase used radiolabeled T2 phages to identify which component of the phage entered (E) coli during infection. Which of the following correctly pairs the radiolabel with the appropriate phage component? (A) DNA, Protein (B)   Protein,   RNA (C)  RNA,   DNA (D)   Protein,   DNA

2. Base-pair additions and deletions that alter the reading frame of all subsequent base-pair triplets are collectively referred to as: (A) Inversions (B) Transversions (C) Frameshift mutations (D) Point mutations

3. In a gene cloning procedure the GFP gene is inserted into a plasmid and the plasmid is then taken up through transformation into an E.coli cell where it replicates. In which portion of this gene cloning procedure is the recombinant DNA molecule constructed? (1) The GFP is inserted into the plasmid (2) The plasmid is taken up via transformation (3) The plasmid replicates in the E. coli cell (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D)1 and 2

5. Alzheimer's patients who inherit the mutant allele can exhibit a range of phenotypes, ranging from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia. This is an example of: (A) sex-influenced expression (B) incomplete penetrance (C) variable expressivity(D) epistasis

25. In the first step of chromosomal compaction, naked DNA is packaged into nucleosomes. The next level of chromosomal compaction is the formation of DNA loops which is accomplished primarily by (A) nucleosomes. (B) remodeling complexes. (C) condensins. (D) histone H1. (E) histone H4.

24.If a double-stranded DNA molecule is amplified by PCR, how many double-stranded DNA molecules will exist after FIVE cycles? (A) 6 (B) 8 (E) 64 (C) 10 (D) 32

23. An organism's genome is (A) the sequence of its genes for brain cells. (B) the sequence of its genes for the heart. (C) the DNA content of its sex chromosomes. (D) the DNA content of its mitochondrial genes. (E) the DNA content and sequence of all of its genes.

22. The two chromatids of each replicated chromosome must separate from one another and segregate during (A) mitosis. (B) meiosis I. (C) meiosis II. (D) both mitosis and meiosis I. (E) both mitosis and meiosis II.

21. Normal alleles of tumor suppressor genes function to encode proteins that(A) promote transition from G1-to-S.(B) can slow the rate of cell division.(C) increase the rate of mutagenesis.(D) activate oncogenes.(E) associate with growth factors at the cell surface.

20.Which of the following is one of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg law?(A) The ability of all genotypes to survive and reproduce is the same.(B) Migration occurs into or out of the population.(C) Mutations appear in the gene pool at high frequency.(D) Non-random mating occurs within the population.(E) The population is small.

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