4. Which is true of transcription factors?
(A) They regulate the synthesis of DNA in response to a signal.
(B) Some transcribe ATP into cAMP.
(C) They initiate the epinephrine response in animal cells.
(D) They control which genes are expressed.
(E) They are needed to regulate the synthesis of lipids in the cytoplasm.

1. The tertiary structure of a protein is the _____(A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds (B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain (C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide (D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet (E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits

2. What are the membrane structures that function in active transport? (A) peripheral proteins (B) carbohydrates (C) cholesterol (D) cytoskeleton filaments (E) integral proteins

3. Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase? (A) It both splits molecules and assembles molecules. (B) It uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP. (C) It attaches and detaches phosphate groups. (D) It uses glucose and generates pyruvate. (E) It shifts molecules from cytosol to mitochondrion.

5. The formation of a cell plate is beginning across the middle of a cell and nuclei are re-forming at opposite ends of the cell. What kind of cell is this? (A) a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis (B) a plant cell in metaphase (C) an animal cell undergoing cytokinesis (D) an animal cell in metaphase (E) an animal cell in telophase

6. What is a karyotype? (A) The set of unique physical characteristics that define an individual (B) The collection of all the mutations present within the genome of an individual (C) The combination of chromosomes found in a gamete (D) A system of classifying cell nuclei (E) A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape

7. Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division? (A) Prophase I of meiosis (B) Prophase II of meiosis (C) Metaphase I of meiosis (D) Anaphase I of meiosis (E) Anaphase of mitosis

8. One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called? (A) Deletion (B) Translocation (C) Disjunction (D) Inversion (E) Duplication

9. Alternative RNA splicing _____(A) can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single gene's transcripts (B) can allow the production of similar proteins from different genes' transcripts (C) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription (D) increases the rate of transcription (E) is due to the presence or absence of particular snRNPs

10. For a repressible operon to be transcribed, which of the following must occur? (A) A corepressor must be present (B) RNA polymerase and the active repressor must be present (C) RNA polymerase must bind to the promoter, and the repressor must be inactive (D) RNA polymerase cannot be present, and the repressor must be inactive (E) RNA polymerase must not occupy the promoter, and the repressor must be inactive

11. DNA microarrays have made a huge impact on genomic studies because they _____(A) can be used to eliminate the function of any gene in the genome (B) can be used to introduce entire genomes into bacterial cells (C) allow the expression of many or even all of the genes in the genome to be compared at once (D) allow physical maps of the genome to be assembled in a very short time (E) dramatically enhance the efficiency of restriction enzymes

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